How to treat bedding for fleas at home?

Understanding the Flea Problem in Bedding

Identifying Flea Infestations

Signs of Fleas on Pets

Fleas often hide in a pet’s coat before infesting the sleeping area, making early detection essential for effective home bedding treatment.

Typical indicators that a pet carries fleas include:

Small, dark specks (flea dirt) on the skin or fur, especially near the tail base and abdomen.
Intense scratching, biting, or licking of specific body regions.
Visible adult fleas moving quickly through the coat.
Red, inflamed patches or hair loss caused by bite reactions.
Presence of tiny, white eggs or larvae in the pet’s bedding or grooming tools.

Recognizing these signs allows prompt washing, vacuuming, and application of safe flea control measures to the bedding, breaking the life cycle and preventing reinfestation.

Signs of Fleas in Bedding

Recognizing flea activity in linens is essential before attempting any home remedy. Early detection prevents spread to pets, furniture, and the surrounding environment.

Small, dark specks that move quickly when disturbed, often visible on sheets or pillowcases.
Tiny, egg‑like shells that appear as a fine, powdery residue on fabric surfaces.
Red, itchy bite marks concentrated on exposed skin after sleeping, indicating that fleas have fed through the bedding.
A distinct, sweet, musky odor that becomes noticeable when bedding is shaken or disturbed.
Presence of flea dirt (digested blood) that appears as tiny black specks; a drop of water on the speck will turn reddish, confirming blood content.

If any of these indicators are observed, isolate the affected bedding, wash it in hot water (minimum 130 °F/54 °C), and dry on high heat. This step eliminates adult fleas, larvae, and eggs, creating a clean foundation for further treatment measures.

Why Bedding is a Flea Hotspot

Ideal Conditions for Fleas

Fleas thrive when temperature, moisture, and shelter align within narrow limits. Their development accelerates in environments that meet these parameters, making infestations difficult to control if conditions remain favorable.

Temperature: 75 °F–85 °F (24 °C–29 °C) provides optimal metabolic activity.
Relative humidity: 70 %–90 % sustains egg viability and larval growth.
Darkness: concealed, low‑light areas protect all life stages from exposure.
Food source proximity: close contact with a host animal supplies blood meals essential for reproduction.
Accumulated debris: lint, hair, and organic matter offer nourishment for larvae and pupae.

Bedding that retains heat and moisture after use creates a microhabitat matching these criteria. To disrupt ideal conditions, wash linens in water above 130 °F (54 °C), tumble dry on high heat for at least 30 minutes, and vacuum thoroughly before laundering. Reducing humidity by allowing bedding to dry completely before reuse eliminates moisture required for egg hatching. Removing excess fabric layers and regularly cleaning surrounding areas limit shelter opportunities, further decreasing flea survival rates.

Flea Life Cycle and Bedding

Fleas progress through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Eggs are deposited on the host or nearby surfaces, hatch in 2‑5 days, and larvae feed on organic debris. Larvae spin cocoons and become pupae, remaining dormant for days to weeks depending on temperature and humidity. Adults emerge ready to infest a host within a few hours.

Bedding provides a protected environment for eggs and larvae. Warm, moist fabrics retain organic matter that supports larval growth, while the enclosed space shields cocoons from disturbance. Consequently, untreated linens can sustain a flea population even after the host animal is treated.

Effective home management of infested bedding includes:

Remove all linens, blankets, and pillowcases from the sleeping area.
Wash each item in hot water (≥ 130 °F / 54 °C) for at least 10 minutes.
Dry on high heat for a minimum of 30 minutes; heat kills all life‑cycle stages.
Vacuum the mattress, box spring, and surrounding floor using a HEPA‑rated attachment; discard the vacuum bag or clean the canister immediately.
Apply a residual insecticidal powder (e.g., diatomaceous earth or a labeled flea spray) to the mattress surface; leave for 24 hours before re‑vacuuming.
Steam‑clean the mattress and any upholstered furniture; steam temperatures above 120 °F (49 °C) penetrate fabrics and eradicate hidden stages.

Repeat washing and vacuuming weekly for three weeks to interrupt any emerging adults that escaped the initial treatment. Maintaining low humidity and regular laundering of household linens prevents re‑establishment of the flea life cycle.

Preparing Bedding for Treatment

Gathering Necessary Supplies

Cleaning Products

Effective flea control on household linens relies on selecting appropriate cleaning agents and applying them correctly.

Soap‑based detergents with enzymatic activity break down organic matter that shelters flea eggs and larvae. Use a high‑efficiency powder or liquid detergent, add the recommended dose, and run the wash on the hottest temperature the fabric can tolerate (generally 130 °F/54 °C).

Bleach (sodium hypochlorite) provides a strong oxidizing environment that kills all life stages of fleas. Dilute household bleach to a ¼‑cup per gallon of water, soak the bedding for 10 minutes, then launder as usual. For color‑fast items, opt for an oxygen‑based bleach (e.g., hydrogen peroxide or sodium percarbonate) following the manufacturer’s concentration guidelines.

Alcohol‑based sprays (70 % isopropyl alcohol) act as a rapid contact insecticide. Apply to dry, unwashed bedding, ensuring even coverage, and allow the surface to dry completely before use.

Essential‑oil formulations (e.g., 1 % peppermint or eucalyptus oil in water) repel fleas but do not eradicate them. Use as a supplemental treatment on pillows and mattress covers after thorough washing.

Recommended product regimen

Enzymatic detergent – hot wash, full cycle.
Diluted chlorine bleach – pre‑soak, then wash.
Oxygen bleach – for colored fabrics, hot wash.
70 % isopropyl alcohol – spray, dry completely.
1 % essential‑oil solution – apply to dry items for added deterrence.

When treating bedding, combine chemical disinfection with mechanical cleaning. Remove all covers, wash them separately, and dry on high heat for at least 30 minutes. Vacuum the mattress and surrounding area before and after laundering to capture any remaining fleas or eggs.

Safety notes: wear gloves when handling bleach or alcohol, ensure adequate ventilation, and verify fabric care labels to avoid damage. Repeating the cleaning cycle weekly for two weeks eliminates emerging flea stages and prevents reinfestation.

Protective Gear

When handling infested linens, wearing appropriate protective equipment prevents skin irritation, respiratory exposure, and cross‑contamination.

Gloves made of nitrile or latex create a barrier against direct contact with flea larvae and chemical agents. Choose a size that fits snugly to maintain dexterity while ensuring full coverage of the hands.

A disposable or washable mask equipped with a high‑efficiency particulate filter stops inhalation of dust, flea debris, and any applied insecticide particles. Replace the filter according to the manufacturer’s schedule or after each treatment session.

Safety goggles or sealed eye protection shields the eyes from splashes of cleaning solutions and airborne particles. Ensure the lenses are anti‑fog and fit securely around the temples.

Long‑sleeved clothing, preferably made of tightly woven fabric, minimizes exposed skin. Overalls or disposable coveralls can be worn over regular attire and removed without touching the outer surface.

Footwear should be closed, with rubber soles that can be cleaned or discarded after use. Slip‑resistant soles reduce the risk of accidents on wet surfaces.

A concise checklist for each treatment session:

Nitrile or latex gloves
High‑efficiency particulate mask
Protective goggles
Long‑sleeved shirt or disposable coveralls
Closed, washable or disposable shoes

After completing the process, remove each item in reverse order of application, sealing gloves and mask in a plastic bag before disposal or laundering. Clean reusable gear with hot water and detergent, then dry thoroughly. This protocol maintains personal safety and limits the spread of fleas throughout the home.

Pre-Treatment Steps

Isolating Infested Bedding

Isolating infested bedding prevents fleas from migrating to other household items and limits re‑infestation. Immediately remove all sheets, blankets, pillowcases, and pet mats that show signs of flea activity. Place each item in a sealable plastic bag, press out excess air, and close tightly. Store the sealed bags in a freezer‑grade container or a dedicated laundry area away from untouched fabrics.

The isolation process includes three essential actions:

Containment: Use heavy‑duty zip‑lock bags or airtight containers to create a barrier that blocks flea movement and egg dispersal.
Temperature control: Keep sealed items at 0 °F (‑18 °C) for at least 48 hours, or at a minimum of 130 °F (54 °C) for 30 minutes in a dryer, to kill adult fleas, larvae, and eggs.
Segregation: Label each bag with the date of treatment and store separately from clean linens to avoid accidental cross‑contamination.

After the thermal treatment, launder the bedding on the hottest cycle the fabric allows, using a detergent with enzymatic action. Add a cup of white vinegar to the rinse cycle to enhance flea mortality. Dry on high heat for the full cycle duration. Once cleaned, keep the bedding sealed until the household environment has been treated and no new flea activity is observed.

Maintaining a dedicated storage space for isolated items simplifies ongoing flea management and reduces the risk of re‑infestation across the home.

Vacuuming and Initial Cleaning

Vacuum every surface of the mattress, box spring, and surrounding area with a high‑efficiency brush attachment. Move the nozzle slowly to dislodge adult fleas, larvae, and eggs; repeat the pass in opposite directions to ensure thorough coverage. Immediately empty the vacuum canister or replace the bag, sealing it in a plastic bag before disposal to prevent re‑infestation.

After vacuuming, strip the bedding and launder all items at the highest temperature the fabric tolerates, typically 130 °F (54 °C) or higher. Use a strong detergent and add a flea‑killing additive such as a small amount of diatomaceous earth or a pet‑safe insecticide if desired. Dry on a hot setting for at least 30 minutes; the heat kills any remaining stages. Repeat the wash cycle after 48 hours to target eggs that may have hatched after the first treatment.

Effective Treatment Methods for Bedding

High-Temperature Washing

Recommended Water Temperatures

Washing infested bedding at the proper temperature is essential for eliminating all life stages of fleas. Hot water denatures the exoskeleton and disrupts the nervous system of the insects, ensuring complete eradication.

130 °F (54 °C) – Minimum temperature that reliably kills adult fleas and larvae; suitable for most washable fabrics that can tolerate high heat.
140 °F (60 °C) – Preferred temperature for heavily contaminated items; provides a safety margin against resistant eggs and pupae.
150 °F (66 °C) – Optimal for durable textiles such as cotton sheets and pillowcases; guarantees destruction of any remaining stages.

If the fabric label restricts washing to lower temperatures, supplement the cycle with a high‑efficiency laundry detergent and a 30‑minute soak in hot water before the wash. Follow the wash with a high‑heat dryer cycle (at least 135 °F/57 °C) for an additional 20 minutes to ensure any surviving fleas are killed.

For bedding that cannot be machine‑washed, hand‑washing in water heated to at least 130 °F, followed by thorough rinsing and line‑drying in direct sunlight, offers an effective alternative. The combination of heat and ultraviolet exposure reduces flea viability.

Detergent Selection

Choosing the right detergent is essential for eliminating fleas from linens. Effective products combine chemical action with washing conditions that destroy flea eggs, larvae, and adults.

Key characteristics to evaluate:

Enzyme-based formulas – break down organic matter that shelters fleas, improving overall cleaning power.
Added bleach or oxygenated bleach – oxidizes proteins in flea exoskeletons, providing a lethal environment.
Temperature tolerance – detergents that remain effective at 60 °C (140 °F) enable high‑heat cycles without loss of performance.
Pet‑safe ingredients – avoid harsh surfactants that could irritate animals if residues remain on bedding.
Low‑suds formulation – ensures thorough rinsing, preventing detergent buildup that might attract pests.
Fragrance‑free or hypoallergenic – reduces risk of allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

When selecting a detergent, verify that the label specifies efficacy against insects or parasites. Preference should be given to products tested for flea control in laboratory conditions. Pair the chosen detergent with a wash cycle that reaches at least 60 °C and a thorough drying phase, preferably using a high‑heat dryer or sunlight exposure. This combination maximizes flea mortality and prevents reinfestation.

Drying and Post-Wash Treatment

High-Heat Drying Benefits

High‑heat drying eliminates adult fleas, larvae, pupae, and eggs that remain in sheets, blankets, and pillowcases after washing. Temperatures of 130 °F (54 °C) or higher for at least 30 minutes destroy all stages of the flea life cycle.

Guarantees complete mortality of hidden eggs and pupae
Reduces reliance on chemical insecticides
Removes residual organic material that can attract new infestations
Preserves fabric integrity when recommended settings are used

Set the dryer to the highest safe temperature for the specific material. Use a timed cycle of 30–45 minutes; longer periods increase efficacy without damaging most cotton or polyester blends. For delicate items, select a “high‑heat” or “steam” option that reaches the required temperature while protecting fibers.

Combine drying with a hot wash cycle (≥130 °F) to maximize lethality. Repeat the process after two days, when any surviving eggs may have hatched, to ensure no survivors remain. Verify that dryer lint filters are clean before each run to maintain airflow and temperature consistency.

Steaming for Additional Disinfection

Steaming adds a thermal barrier that eradicates adult fleas, eggs, and larvae embedded in mattress covers, pillowcases, and blankets. The temperature of a properly functioning steam cleaner (above 120 °C / 248 °F) penetrates fabric fibers, destroying the entire life cycle in a single pass.

Preparation

Remove loose debris with a vacuum equipped with a HEPA filter.
Wash bedding on the hottest cycle the fabric tolerates; dry thoroughly.
Inspect seams and folds for hidden clumps; straighten material to expose all surfaces.

Steaming procedure

Fill the steamer with distilled water to prevent mineral buildup.
Allow the unit to reach full pressure; verify that the steam output is steady and hot.
Hold the steam nozzle a few centimeters above the fabric; move slowly to allow heat to saturate each area.
Overlap strokes by at least 50 % to avoid untreated gaps.
Pay extra attention to seams, tags, and pillow creases where eggs may lodge.

Safety and material considerations

Test a hidden corner first; some delicate fabrics may discolor or shrink under high heat.
Ensure the room is well‑ventilated; steam releases moisture that can promote mold if trapped.
Keep children and pets away from the steaming zone until the surface cools.

Post‑treatment actions

Vacuum again to collect dead insects and residual debris.
Air‑dry or tumble‑dry on a low‑heat setting to eliminate lingering moisture.
Repeat the steaming cycle after two weeks to intercept any emerging larvae that survived the initial heat exposure.

Integrating steam cleaning with regular laundering and vacuuming creates a multi‑layered approach that substantially reduces flea populations in household bedding.

Natural and Chemical Treatment Options

Diatomaceous Earth Application

Diatomaceous earth (DE) serves as a mechanical insecticide that eliminates fleas by absorbing lipids from their exoskeletons, causing dehydration. When applied to bedroom linens, mattresses, and pet bedding, DE reduces flea populations without chemicals.

Begin by stripping all bedding items, washing them in hot water, and drying thoroughly. Spread a thin layer of food‑grade DE across the dry surfaces, ensuring even coverage. Allow the powder to remain for 24–48 hours before vacuuming to remove dead insects and excess material.

Wash and dry bedding completely.
Lightly dust DE over the entire surface.
Keep the area undisturbed for at least one day.
Vacuum the bedding, discarding the collected dust.
Repeat the process weekly until flea activity ceases.

Food‑grade DE is safe for humans and animals when used as directed; avoid inhalation by wearing a mask and limiting exposure in enclosed spaces. Keep DE away from open wounds and do not apply to fabrics that cannot withstand abrasive particles.

Reapply DE after laundering or when bedding is disturbed. Monitor flea activity and increase frequency if necessary. Regular vacuuming combined with DE treatment maintains a low‑flea environment without relying on chemical pesticides.

Flea Sprays and Powders (Pet-Safe Options)

Pet‑safe flea sprays and powders provide a practical solution for decontaminating bedding without exposing animals to harsh chemicals. These products are formulated with ingredients such as pyrethrins, neem oil, or diatomaceous earth, which target adult fleas and immature stages while remaining non‑toxic to dogs and cats when used as directed.

Application guidelines:

Shake the spray container thoroughly before use.
Apply a light, even mist to all fabric surfaces, including mattress edges, pillowcases, and blankets.
Allow the bedding to air dry for at least 30 minutes before permitting pet access.
Repeat the treatment every 5–7 days until flea activity ceases, typically after two to three applications.

Powder options require a different approach:

Sprinkle a thin layer of powder over the entire bedding surface.
Gently rub the powder into the fabric using a soft brush or your hands, ensuring coverage of seams and folds.
Leave the powder in place for 15–20 minutes, then vacuum thoroughly to remove residual particles.
Reapply weekly during an active infestation.

Safety considerations:

Verify that the product label specifies suitability for the species and age of your pet.
Perform a spot test on a small, hidden area of the fabric to confirm no discoloration occurs.
Keep treated bedding out of reach of children until the drying period is complete.

Choosing products with minimal synthetic insecticides reduces the risk of skin irritation and respiratory distress. Combining regular laundering at high temperatures (≥ 130 °F) with these pet‑safe treatments maximizes eradication of fleas from bedding environments.

Essential Oil Solutions (Cautionary Notes)

Essential oils offer a natural option for reducing flea presence in sleeping areas. Lavender, eucalyptus, peppermint, and tea‑tree oils contain compounds that repel insects and may disrupt the flea life cycle when applied correctly.

Dilute 10–15 drops of oil in one cup of water; add a few teaspoons of white vinegar for improved spread.
Spray the mixture lightly over sheets, pillowcases, and mattress covers; allow the fabric to dry before reuse.
Repeat the application every 48 hours during an active infestation.

Cautionary notes:

Undiluted oils can damage fabrics, irritate skin, and cause respiratory discomfort; always use the recommended dilution ratio.
Pets, especially cats, are highly sensitive to certain oils (e.g., tea‑tree, eucalyptus); avoid direct contact with treated bedding or use pet‑safe alternatives such as lavender only.
Conduct a spot test on an inconspicuous area of the fabric to verify colorfastness before full‑area treatment.
Store oils in a cool, dark place; prolonged exposure to heat may degrade their efficacy and increase the risk of oxidation.
Discontinue use if any household member experiences itching, redness, or breathing difficulties; seek medical advice if symptoms persist.

Preventing Future Flea Infestations

Regular Cleaning Schedule

Weekly Washing of Pet Bedding

Weekly laundering of pet bedding removes adult fleas, eggs, and larvae before they can develop. Consistent cleaning breaks the reproductive cycle and reduces the risk of re‑infestation throughout the home.

Steps for an effective wash:

Separate all bedding items (blankets, cushions, washable toys) from household laundry.
Pre‑treat visible spots with a flea‑killing spray or a solution of 1 part white vinegar to 4 parts water; let sit 10 minutes.
Load the washing machine, add a full dose of detergent and a cup of borax or a pet‑safe enzymatic cleaner.
Set the water temperature to at least 130 °F (54 °C); higher temperatures kill more stages of the flea life cycle.
Run a complete cycle, then start an extra rinse to remove residual chemicals.
Transfer items to a dryer; use the highest heat setting for 30 minutes or more. If dryer use is unavailable, place bedding in direct sunlight for at least four hours.

After washing, inspect each item for remaining insects. Store clean bedding in sealed containers to prevent new fleas from settling. Rotate bedding sets weekly so that each set receives a full wash at least once every seven days. This routine, combined with environmental treatments, maintains a flea‑free sleeping area for pets.

Frequent Vacuuming of Sleeping Areas

Frequent vacuuming of sleeping areas removes adult fleas, eggs, and larvae that settle in mattresses, pillows, and surrounding carpet. A vacuum equipped with a HEPA filter captures microscopic particles and prevents re‑infestation when the bag or canister is sealed and discarded.

Vacuum all surfaces of the bed, including seams, tufts, and under the mattress.
Use the upholstery attachment to reach headboards, footboards, and nearby furniture.
Operate the machine slowly to allow suction to lift hidden stages of the flea life cycle.
Repeat the process every 24 hours for the first week, then reduce to three times per week until no activity is observed.
After each session, empty the collection chamber into a sealed plastic bag, close the bag, and place it in an outdoor trash bin.

Combining regular vacuuming with washing bedding at high temperatures accelerates eradication and reduces the likelihood of resurgence.

Pet Flea Prevention

Consistent Flea Treatments for Pets

Consistent flea control for animals reduces the likelihood that bedding will become reinfested after cleaning. A regular schedule of preventive measures creates a barrier that protects both the pet and the sleeping area.

Apply veterinarian‑recommended topical or oral flea products each month, following the label dosage for the animal’s weight.
Bathe the pet with a flea‑combining shampoo once every two weeks during an outbreak; rinse thoroughly to avoid residue that can irritate skin.
Inspect the coat daily with a fine‑toothed comb, removing any visible insects and breaking the life cycle.
Administer a veterinarian‑approved oral medication that targets larvae and adult fleas, ensuring continuous protection between topical applications.

Environmental actions support the pet‑focused regimen:

Vacuum carpets, rugs, and upholstery daily; discard the vacuum bag or clean the canister immediately to prevent eggs from hatching.
Wash all bedding, blankets, and removable covers in hot water (minimum 130 °F/54 °C) for at least 30 minutes; dry on high heat to kill dormant stages.
Sprinkle a residual flea spray or diatomaceous earth on non‑washable surfaces, allowing the product to dry before pets re‑enter the area.
Seal cracks and crevices where fleas may hide; reduce clutter that provides shelter for eggs and larvae.

Maintaining this combined approach—monthly pet treatments, frequent grooming, and rigorous cleaning of sleeping environments—breaks the flea life cycle and keeps bedding free of infestation without resorting to professional extermination.

Regular Grooming and Inspection

Regular grooming of pets directly reduces the number of fleas that can migrate to sleeping areas. Use a fine‑toothed flea comb on each animal at least once daily. After each combing session, place the comb’s contents in a bowl of soapy water to kill the insects. Wash the comb with hot, soapy water after use to prevent re‑contamination.

Inspection of bedding should accompany grooming. Remove all sheets, blankets, and pillowcases from the sleeping surface and examine them for live fleas, flea dirt, or eggs. Perform the following routine:

Shake each item outdoors over a white surface to reveal hidden parasites.
Vacuum the mattress, box spring, and surrounding floor area thoroughly; dispose of the vacuum bag or empty the canister into a sealed bag.
Launder all removable fabrics in water at 130 °F (54 °C) or higher for at least 30 minutes.
For non‑washable items, apply a flea‑specific spray that is safe for fabrics, following the product’s label instructions.

Repeat grooming and inspection every 3–5 days for the first two weeks, then weekly for the next month. Consistent application of these practices interrupts the flea life cycle, keeping the sleeping environment free of infestation.

Environmental Control

Addressing Fleas in the Home Environment

Fleas hide in sheets, blankets, and mattress seams, making bedding a primary source of reinfestation. Immediate removal and treatment of all linens break the life cycle and reduce the risk of spread to pets and occupants.

Strip the bed completely.
Place all fabrics in a sealed bag to prevent escape of adult fleas during transport.
Vacuum the mattress, box spring, and surrounding area; discard the vacuum bag or empty the canister into a sealed container.

Wash all removable items in the hottest water the fabric tolerates, ideally at 130 °F (54 °C) or higher. Use a strong detergent and add a cup of white vinegar to enhance insecticide action. Run a full‑wash cycle followed by an extra rinse to remove residue.

Dry the laundry on the highest heat setting for at least 30 minutes. If outdoor space permits, lay items in direct sunlight for several hours; ultraviolet radiation and heat further weaken surviving larvae.

After laundering, treat the mattress with a low‑toxicity spray labeled for flea control, covering seams and crevices. Apply a thin layer of food‑grade diatomaceous earth to the mattress surface; leave it for 24 hours before vacuuming it up.

Maintain a flea‑free environment by laundering bedding weekly, using fitted covers treated with permethrin or similar agents, and repeating vacuuming every few days. Regular inspection of pets and prompt administration of veterinary‑approved preventatives complete the control strategy.

Outdoor Flea Management

Effective control of fleas around the home begins outdoors. Reducing the outdoor flea population limits reinfestation of mattresses, blankets, and pet bedding inside the house.

Keep grass trimmed to a maximum of 2‑3 inches; short blades expose fleas to sunlight and reduce humidity.
Remove leaf litter, tall weeds, and organic debris where flea larvae develop.
Apply a targeted insecticide or a natural alternative (e.g., diatomaceous earth) to the perimeter of the property, focusing on shaded zones, under decks, and around pet shelters.
Treat outdoor pet resting areas with a flea‑preventive spray approved for use on fabric and carpets.
Install physical barriers such as fine‑mesh screens around outdoor kennels to prevent flea entry.

After establishing a clean outdoor zone, treat indoor bedding promptly. Wash all bedding in hot water (≥ 130 °F) for at least 30 minutes, then dry on high heat. Vacuum mattresses and surrounding floor surfaces, discarding the vacuum bag or cleaning the canister immediately. Repeat the washing and vacuuming cycle weekly until flea activity ceases.

Combining regular outdoor maintenance with disciplined indoor bedding care prevents flea colonies from establishing a cycle between the yard and the sleeping environment.