"Air" - what is it, definition of the term
The term denotes the natural gaseous mixture that envelops the planet, composed chiefly of nitrogen (≈78 %), oxygen (≈21 %), argon, carbon dioxide, and trace constituents; it exists as a fluid at standard temperature and pressure, enabling combustion, biological respiration, and the atmospheric processes that drive weather and climate.
Detailed information
The gaseous envelope surrounding the planet consists primarily of nitrogen (≈78 %), oxygen (≈21 %), argon (≈0.9 %), carbon dioxide (≈0.04 %) and trace gases. Water vapor varies from 0 % to 4 % depending on climate and local conditions.
Temperature and relative humidity within this medium directly affect the physiology of arthropod ectoparasites. Optimal development of ticks, true bugs, lice and fleas occurs within narrow thermal ranges (typically 20‑30 °C) and specific moisture levels; deviations can suppress metabolism, impede molting or increase mortality.
Respiratory structures of these organisms rely on diffusion of oxygen from the surrounding gas. Ticks and lice possess tracheal systems that deliver gases to internal tissues, while fleas and many true bugs use spiracles connected to a tracheal network. Sufficient oxygen partial pressure is essential for ATP production; reduced oxygen availability impairs locomotion and feeding.
Air currents facilitate passive dispersal. Wind can carry adult insects or immature stages across short distances, enhancing colonization of new hosts. In indoor environments, ventilation patterns determine the distribution of flea larvae and lice eggs, influencing infestation hotspots.
Control strategies exploit these properties. Reducing ambient humidity below 50 % hinders tick questing activity and egg viability. Increasing airflow through mechanical ventilation or fans diminishes flea larval survival by accelerating desiccation. Temperature regulation—maintaining indoor spaces below 18 °C—suppresses reproduction rates of many ectoparasites.