How to correctly dilute Fitovarm for spraying cucumbers against spider mite in a greenhouse?

Understanding «Fitovarm»: Purpose and Active Ingredient

What is «Fitovarm»?

Its role in pest control

Fitovarm is a biopesticide formulated from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. It targets spider mites by penetrating the cuticle, proliferating within the mite’s body, and causing mortality through fungal infection. The product’s specificity limits impact on beneficial insects, preserving pollinator activity and natural predators within greenhouse ecosystems.

The active agent’s mode of action differs from conventional chemical acaricides, reducing the likelihood of cross‑resistance. Repeated applications of Fitovarm, when integrated with cultural controls such as humidity regulation and plant spacing, sustain efficacy against Tetranychus urticae populations that have developed resistance to organophosphates or pyrethroids.

Key advantages for cucumber production in protected environments include:

Rapid reduction of mite colonies after 48–72 hours.
Compatibility with most horticultural oils and systemic fertilizers.
Minimal residue on fruit, meeting stringent market standards.
Degradation within 7–10 days, preventing accumulation in the growing medium.

For effective use, the following dilution and application parameters are recommended:

Dissolve 2 ml of Fitovarm concentrate per 10 L of water, achieving a concentration of 200 ppm of active spores.
Adjust spray volume to 300 L ha⁻¹, ensuring thorough coverage of leaf undersides.
Apply during early morning or late afternoon to avoid direct sunlight, which can diminish spore viability.
Repeat at 7‑day intervals until mite counts fall below economic thresholds, then switch to a biweekly schedule for maintenance.

Adhering to these guidelines maximizes Fitovarm’s contribution to integrated pest management, delivering reliable control of spider mites while safeguarding crop quality and worker safety.

The Enemy: Spider Mite

Identification of the pest

Accurate identification of the spider mite is essential before preparing a Fitovarm solution for cucumber crops in a greenhouse.

Adult spider mites are reddish‑brown, 0.3–0.5 mm long, with a distinct oval shape and two dark spots on the dorsal surface. Females lay spherical eggs on the lower leaf surface; nymphs (larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs) are translucent and increase in size with each molt.

Typical damage includes stippling: tiny yellow or white spots where chlorophyll is consumed, eventually merging into a bronzed discoloration. Heavy infestations cause leaf curling, premature senescence, and a fine webbing network on the undersides of leaves.

Effective monitoring relies on:

Direct visual inspection of the leaf underside with a 10× hand lens.
Counting live mites per leaf area (e.g., number per 5 cm²).
Placement of sticky cards near the crop canopy to capture dispersing individuals.
Sampling a representative set of plants weekly to track population dynamics.

Treatment threshold commonly cited for cucumber greenhouse production is 5–7 mites per leaf segment (5 cm²). When counts exceed this level, prepare Fitovarm according to the manufacturer’s dilution chart for spider mite control and apply the spray uniformly to foliage, ensuring thorough coverage of both leaf surfaces.

Damage caused to cucumbers

Fitovarm is applied to cucumber foliage to control spider mites, but incorrect mixing can harm the crop. Over‑concentration burns leaf tissue, producing necrotic spots that expand into yellowing lesions. The damaged photosynthetic area reduces carbohydrate synthesis, leading to stunted vines and delayed fruit set.

Excessive surfactant or inadequate water volume creates uneven coverage. Droplets that pool on leaves cause localized phytotoxicity, manifesting as chlorosis and leaf curling. These symptoms weaken the plant’s defense mechanisms, allowing secondary pathogens such as powdery mildew to establish more readily.

Yield loss follows visible injury. Fruits developing on compromised vines often exhibit reduced size, irregular shape, and thinner skins. Marketable yield may decline by 10‑30 % when phytotoxic reactions affect more than 20 % of leaf area.

Root systems suffer indirectly. Leaf damage reduces transpiration, lowering water uptake and causing mild root desiccation. In severe cases, the plant reallocates resources to repair foliage, leaving roots undernourished and more susceptible to nematodes.

Key damage indicators:

Leaf necrosis and yellowing
Curling and distortion of leaf margins
Reduced vine vigor and delayed flowering
Smaller, misshapen fruits
Increased incidence of secondary diseases

Maintaining the recommended dilution ratio and thorough mixing prevents these adverse effects, preserving plant health and ensuring effective mite control.

Conditions favoring spider mite development

Spider mites proliferate when environmental parameters align with their physiological preferences. Optimal temperature ranges from 25 °C to 30 °C; temperatures above 35 °C suppress reproduction, while cooler conditions below 20 °C slow development but do not halt population growth.

Low relative humidity accelerates mite activity. Values under 50 % reduce the risk of fungal pathogens that compete with mites, creating a more favorable habitat. High light intensity, particularly strong supplemental lighting, increases plant metabolism and leaf surface temperature, further encouraging mite colonization.

Host‑plant stress intensifies susceptibility. Factors include:

Nutrient deficiency, especially potassium and calcium shortages.
Water stress from irregular irrigation or over‑watering that leads to root hypoxia.
Physical damage from pruning, mechanical handling, or herbicide injury.
Excessive vegetative growth caused by high nitrogen fertilization, producing tender foliage preferred by mites.

Air circulation influences dispersal. Stagnant air in enclosed greenhouse bays limits mite movement but also prevents the removal of heat and moisture, maintaining the microclimate described above. Conversely, strong ventilation can spread infestations across sections.

Understanding these conditions enables precise adjustment of Fitovarm concentration, ensuring the pesticide remains effective while minimizing resistance development.

Preparing for Dilution

Safety Precautions

Personal protective equipment

When handling Fitovarm for cucumber spray applications against spider mite, workers must wear protective gear that prevents skin contact, inhalation, and eye exposure. The equipment required includes:

Nitrile or neoprene gloves resistant to pesticide penetration.
Full‑face safety goggles or a face shield to guard the eyes and face.
Disposable coveralls or chemically resistant work overalls with sealed seams.
Waterproof boots with chemical‑resistant uppers and a low‑profile tread for greenhouse flooring.
Half‑mask respirator equipped with an organic vapor cartridge, fitted to the user’s face.

All items should be inspected before each use for tears, cracks, or compromised seals. Replace disposable components after each spraying session, and decontaminate reusable gear according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Proper donning and doffing procedures must be followed to avoid cross‑contamination of the greenhouse environment and personal clothing.

Ventilation in the greenhouse

Effective ventilation is a prerequisite for uniform distribution of Fitovarm spray on cucumber foliage and for preventing spider‑mite resurgence. Adequate air movement eliminates stagnant micro‑climates where mites can survive, while ensuring that droplets reach the undersides of leaves without excessive drift.

Target ventilation conditions during application are:

Air exchange rate of 0.5–1.0 m³ s⁻¹ per square metre of canopy.
Relative humidity between 60 % and 80 % to promote droplet adhesion.
Temperature of 20 °C – 28 °C to maintain pesticide activity and plant metabolism.

Operational steps:

Activate exhaust fans and side vents 30 minutes before spraying to lower humidity to the desired range.
Keep fans at a low to moderate speed during application; excessive airflow may cause spray atomisation and loss of coverage.
After the spray passes, increase ventilation for 15 minutes to accelerate drying and reduce residue buildup.
Monitor humidity and temperature with calibrated sensors; adjust fan speed or open additional vents if values deviate from targets.
Record ventilation settings for each spray cycle to enable reproducibility and compliance with integrated pest‑management protocols.

Necessary Tools and Materials

Measuring cups and containers

Accurate measurement of Fitovarm concentrate and water is essential for effective control of spider mite on cucumber crops in greenhouse production. Use calibrated measuring cups or graduated containers that allow precise volume determination. Select containers made of chemical‑resistant material (e.g., high‑density polyethylene) to prevent degradation of the pesticide and to ensure safety during handling.

Determine the required dilution ratio according to the product label (e.g., 1 mL of concentrate per 10 L of water).
Fill a clean measuring cup with the exact amount of concentrate; verify the volume against the cup’s markings.
Transfer the measured concentrate into a larger, clearly marked mixing tank.
Add water to the mixing tank using a separate graduated container; fill to the total volume indicated by the dilution ratio.
Stir the solution thoroughly for at least one minute to achieve homogeneity before application.

Maintain a set of dedicated measuring tools for each pesticide to avoid cross‑contamination. Clean cups and containers with water after each use, then rinse with a mild detergent and rinse again with clean water. Store measuring equipment in a dry, protected area to preserve accuracy for future dilutions.

Sprayer type

When applying Fitovarm to cucumber crops in a greenhouse, the sprayer must deliver a uniform, fine mist that reaches the undersides of leaves where spider mites hide. The device should allow precise dilution control, maintain consistent pressure, and prevent drift that could affect adjacent plants or workers.

Recommended sprayer types:

Backpack pump sprayer – 10–15 L capacity, adjustable pressure knob, compatible with water‑based solutions, provides even coverage on dense foliage.
Hand‑held battery‑powered mist blower – low volume output, ideal for targeted treatment of isolated infestations, produces droplets in the 30–50 µm range.
Air‑assisted electrostatic sprayer – combines pressurized liquid with a charge that adheres droplets to leaf surfaces, enhances retention of the active ingredient.
Low‑volume fogger – suitable for large greenhouse sections, creates a fine aerosol that penetrates canopy layers, requires careful calibration to avoid excessive runoff.

Key selection criteria:

Ability to adjust dilution ratio directly on the unit.
Pressure stability between 0.2 and 0.5 bar for optimal droplet formation.
Compatibility with the chemical formulation of Fitovarm (water‑soluble concentrate).
Ease of cleaning to prevent residue buildup and cross‑contamination.

Choosing a sprayer that meets these specifications ensures effective control of spider mite populations while minimizing chemical waste and plant stress.

Water quality

Water used for preparing Fitovarm solutions must meet specific criteria to ensure pesticide efficacy and plant safety.

Ideal pH ranges from 6.0 to 7.5; values outside this interval can alter the active ingredient’s stability and reduce leaf uptake. Adjust pH with dilute phosphoric or citric acid, testing after each addition.

Hardness should not exceed 150 mg L⁻¹ CaCO₃. High calcium or magnesium concentrations precipitate the formulation, creating insoluble residues that clog spray equipment and leave uneven coverage on cucumber foliage. Use a water softener or blend with deionized water to achieve the target hardness.

Chlorine and chloramine must be removed. Both oxidants degrade the active component and can cause phytotoxic reactions. Apply a carbon filter, let water stand for 24 h, or add a neutralizing agent such as sodium thiosulfate at 0.1 g L⁻¹.

Temperature influences solubility and mixing speed. Prepare solutions at 15–25 °C; colder water slows dissolution, while water above 30 °C may accelerate degradation. Allow refrigerated water to reach ambient temperature before mixing.

Turbidity should be low (≤5 NTU). Suspended particles interfere with emulsification and can mask spray droplets, reducing contact with spider mite populations. Filter through a 5 µm membrane or use a fine sand filter prior to dilution.

When the water meets these parameters, follow the manufacturer’s dilution ratio, mix thoroughly, and verify solution homogeneity before application. Consistent water quality across batches guarantees predictable pesticide performance and protects cucumber crops from damage.

Dilution Ratios and Process

Recommended Concentration for Spider Mite

Consulting the product label

When preparing a Fitovarm solution for cucumber crops in a greenhouse, the label provides the only reliable source of dilution parameters. Begin by locating the section that specifies the recommended rate for spider‑mite control on cucurbit foliage. Note the amount of product required per liter or per 100 L of water; this figure is calibrated for the active ingredient concentration supplied by the manufacturer.

Verify that the label lists the target pest, the growth stage of the plant, and any temperature or humidity limits that affect efficacy. Adjust the volume accordingly if the label distinguishes between preventive and curative applications. Follow any instructions regarding the use of adjuvants, as some formulations require surfactants to improve leaf coverage.

Observe safety directives on the label before mixing:

Wear gloves, goggles, and a respirator if indicated.
Prepare the solution in a well‑ventilated area.
Clean all equipment after use to prevent cross‑contamination.

When measuring, use calibrated containers or a digital scale to achieve the exact amount stipulated. Stir the mixture thoroughly to ensure uniform distribution of the active ingredient. Finally, record the dilution ratio, date, and batch number on a log sheet as recommended, facilitating traceability and compliance with agricultural regulations.

Factors influencing dosage (e.g., infestation level)

Accurate dosing of Fitovarm for cucumber spider‑mite control depends on several measurable variables. Adjusting the concentration to match field conditions maximizes efficacy while minimizing phytotoxic risk.

Infestation intensity – Light, moderate, or severe mite populations dictate a stepwise increase in active ingredient. Light pressure may require the label‑minimum rate; moderate pressure often calls for 1.5 × the minimum; severe outbreaks may justify up to the maximum authorized concentration.
Plant developmental stage – Young seedlings tolerate lower concentrations; mature vines can handle higher rates without damage. Scale the dosage upward as foliage density and leaf area expand.
Ambient temperature – Temperatures above 30 °C accelerate mite metabolism and can reduce pesticide persistence. Increase the dose modestly or apply additional passes when daytime heat exceeds this threshold.
Relative humidity – Low humidity (< 50 %) shortens droplet residence time on leaves, reducing absorption. Compensate by raising the concentration or using a surfactant to improve leaf coverage.
Leaf wetness duration – Prolonged wet periods after application enhance systemic uptake. When forecast predicts rapid drying, apply a slightly higher dose to ensure sufficient contact.
Water quality – Hard water can precipitate active ingredients, lowering effective concentration. Use softened or deionized water, or adjust the dose upward by 10–15 % if hard water is unavoidable.
Sprayer calibration – Verify flow rate and nozzle output before mixing. An under‑calibrated sprayer delivers less solution, effectively reducing the intended dosage.
Resistance management – Repeated use of the same mode of action may require dose rotation or integration with alternative chemistries. When resistance risk is identified, adhere to the higher end of the label range to achieve complete control.

Each factor should be quantified where possible and incorporated into a single dosage calculation. The resulting mixture must remain within the product’s legal limits while reflecting the specific greenhouse environment.

Step-by-Step Dilution Guide

Measuring the concentrate

Accurate measurement of Fitovarm concentrate ensures consistent control of spider mite populations on cucumber plants grown in greenhouse conditions.

Determine the required dose by consulting the product label, which typically specifies a volume of concentrate per litre of water (for example, 5 ml per 10 l). Multiply this rate by the total water volume in the spray tank to obtain the exact amount of concentrate needed.

Use a calibrated measuring cup, syringe, or graduated cylinder; do not rely on approximate kitchen spoons.
Verify the product’s concentration on the label before measuring; some formulations are supplied at 250 g l⁻¹, others at 500 g l⁻¹.
Record the measured volume in a logbook; repeat the entry for each mixing session.

After adding the measured concentrate to the water, stir the tank for at least one minute to achieve a homogeneous solution. Inspect the mixture for undissolved particles; if any are present, continue agitation until the solution is clear. Document the final volume and any adjustments made.

Consistent documentation and the use of calibrated equipment eliminate variation in application rates, thereby maximizing efficacy while minimizing phytotoxic risk.

Adding water

Accurate water addition determines the effectiveness of Fitovarm when applied to cucumber foliage in a greenhouse. Use clean, room‑temperature water (20‑25 °C) to avoid temperature shock that could reduce pesticide activity.

Measure the total spray volume required for the target area (e.g., 10 L per 100 m²).
Calculate the recommended Fitovarm dose from the label (e.g., 1 mL per liter of spray mixture).
Fill the sprayer with the measured water amount, leaving space for the concentrate.
Add the exact volume of Fitovarm concentrate to the water, not the reverse, to promote rapid dissolution.
Close the tank, agitate for 1–2 minutes until the solution appears uniform, then let it stand for 5 minutes to allow any foam to settle.

Do not exceed the maximum water volume specified for the product, as dilution beyond the label rate lowers residual activity against spider mite. Verify the final concentration with a calibrated dip‑type meter if available. Apply the mixture within the stability window indicated on the label, typically no more than 4 hours after preparation.

Mixing thoroughly

When preparing a Fitovarm solution for cucumber crops in a greenhouse, thorough mixing guarantees that the active ingredient is evenly distributed, preventing localized overdoses and ensuring consistent mite control.

Begin by measuring the required volume of water in a clean container. Add the exact amount of Fitovarm powder or liquid concentrate according to the label’s dosage chart. Immediately stir with a sturdy paddle or mechanical agitator for at least 30 seconds to dissolve the product.

After initial dissolution, continue agitation for another 2–3 minutes. This extended mixing period eliminates any residual particles that could settle during application. Use a calibrated mixing device if available; otherwise, a hand‑held drill equipped with a mixing blade provides reliable results.

Verify homogeneity by inspecting a small sample of the solution. The liquid should appear clear, without visible granules or film. If particles remain, extend the mixing time in 30‑second increments until the solution is uniformly translucent.

Finally, allow the mixed solution to stand for no more than 5 minutes before loading it into the sprayer. This short resting period permits any entrapped air to escape, reducing spray nozzle clogging. Proceed with application promptly to maintain potency.

Application of the Solution

Optimal Time for Spraying

Weather conditions

Weather conditions directly affect the performance of Fitovarm sprays on cucumber crops in controlled environments. Temperature, relative humidity, air movement, and leaf surface moisture determine spray droplet size, deposition, and pesticide stability.

Temperature: High temperatures increase solution evaporation, leading to smaller droplets and potential phytotoxicity. Reduce concentration by 10–15 % when ambient temperature exceeds 28 °C; increase water volume accordingly.
Relative humidity: Elevated humidity slows droplet drying, improving coverage but raising the risk of runoff. When humidity is above 80 %, lower the spray volume by 5 % to prevent excess film formation.
Airflow: Strong ventilation or wind inside the greenhouse disperses droplets, reducing contact time. In high‑airflow zones, raise the dosage by 5 % and use a finer nozzle to maintain adequate leaf coverage.
Leaf wetness: Wet foliage dilutes pesticide effectiveness and promotes leaching. Schedule applications for periods when leaf surfaces are dry, typically early morning or late afternoon, and avoid spraying during rain or mist events.

Adjusting the dilution ratio according to these parameters ensures consistent efficacy against spider mite infestations while minimizing phytotoxic risk. Regular monitoring of temperature and humidity sensors, combined with routine calibration of spray equipment, provides the data needed for precise modifications.

Plant growth stage

Fitovarm concentration must match the cucumber’s developmental phase to ensure effective control of spider mite while minimizing phytotoxicity.

During the seedling stage (first 2–3 weeks after emergence) foliage is tender. Apply a solution containing 0.5 g of active ingredient per liter of water (approximately 0.05 % w/v). Spray until runoff, avoiding leaf edges that may be damaged by higher doses.

In the vegetative stage (rapid leaf expansion, 4–6 weeks old) plants tolerate a stronger mixture. Use 1.0 g of active ingredient per liter (0.10 % w/v). Repeat applications at 7‑day intervals, monitoring mite activity.

When the plants enter the flowering stage (approximately 7–9 weeks), the risk of residue on pollens increases. Reduce the dose to 0.8 g per liter (0.08 % w/v) and limit applications to once every 10 days, ensuring thorough coverage of the underside of leaves.

During fruiting (from fruit set to harvest) the canopy thickens and mite populations can surge. Apply 1.2 g per liter (0.12 % w/v) with a 5‑day interval. Observe for any signs of leaf burn; if symptoms appear, revert to the vegetative concentration.

Key points for all stages:

Mix Fitovarm in clean water; add the product after agitation to prevent clumping.
Verify calibration of spray equipment before each use.
Record application dates, concentrations, and observed mite pressure to adjust future schedules.

Spraying Techniques

Coverage of plant surfaces

Achieving uniform coverage of cucumber foliage is essential for the efficacy of Fitovarm against spider mite in greenhouse production. The spray mixture must reach both the upper and lower leaf surfaces, as well as the undersides where mites reside.

Key factors influencing coverage:

Dilution ratio – maintain the recommended concentration (e.g., 1 ml Fitovarm per liter of water) to ensure adequate viscosity for leaf adhesion without excessive runoff.
Spray volume – apply 200–250 l ha⁻¹ (approximately 2–2.5 ml plant⁻¹) to deliver sufficient liquid to wet the canopy completely.
Nozzle selection – use a fan‑jet or hollow‑cone nozzle delivering 80–120 µm droplets; this size balances penetration into dense foliage with minimal drift.
Pressure settings – operate at 250–300 kPa to generate the desired droplet spectrum and maintain consistent atomisation across the canopy.
Plant spacing and canopy density – adjust boom height and travel speed so the spray pattern fully overlaps rows, preventing shadow zones.

Proper mixing technique further supports coverage. Fill the tank with water, add the measured Fitovarm, stir until fully dissolved, then verify that the solution remains homogenous before loading the sprayer.

Monitoring during application confirms success: a glossy film should be visible on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, and no visible pooling should occur on the soil or greenhouse benches. Immediate visual inspection after each pass allows correction of any uncovered areas before the solution dries.

Focus areas (undersides of leaves)

Targeting the undersides of cucumber leaves maximizes contact with spider‑mite populations, which concentrate on these sheltered surfaces. Direct deposition on the lower leaf surface disrupts mite feeding and reproduction more effectively than foliage‑only coverage.

Fitovarm should be mixed to a concentration that produces a fine, uniform mist without excessive runoff. A typical preparation for greenhouse cucumbers uses 30 ml of product per 10 L of water, achieving a 0.3 % active‑ingredient solution. This dilution balances phytotoxicity risk and mite mortality.

Application technique:

Position the sprayer nozzle at a 45‑degree angle to the leaf plane to promote droplet penetration beneath the leaf.
Select a low‑volume, high‑frequency nozzle (e.g., 300 µm or smaller) to generate droplets that cling to the leaf underside.
Adjust pump pressure to 0.2–0.3 MPa, preventing leaf damage while ensuring adequate spray reach.
Move the spray wand slowly, overlapping passes by 20 % to avoid untreated gaps.

After spraying, inspect a sample of leaves with a magnifying lens. Confirm that droplets coat at least 80 % of the lower surface. Repeat the treatment at 7‑day intervals until mite counts drop below economic thresholds, adjusting the schedule if environmental conditions (temperature, humidity) accelerate mite development.

Avoiding runoff

When preparing a Fitovarm solution for cucumber foliage, prevent excess liquid from leaving the planting area. Use the smallest volume that still ensures uniform coverage. Measure the recommended concentration precisely; a typical rate is 0.5 ml of product per liter of water, but verify the label for the target pest and crop stage. Fill a calibrated container with the exact amount of water, add the product, and mix thoroughly before loading the sprayer.

Limit runoff by applying the solution at the appropriate pressure. A low‑to‑moderate pressure (30–40 kPa) creates fine droplets that adhere to leaf surfaces without saturating the substrate. Adjust the nozzle to a fine mist setting; coarse sprays increase the risk of runoff.

Control the amount of liquid applied per square meter. Aim for 200–250 ml m⁻², which delivers sufficient coverage while leaving the leaf surface damp rather than dripping. If the canopy is dense, spray in multiple short passes rather than a single long pass.

Implement the following practices:

Pre‑wet the foliage lightly before full application to reduce surface tension.
Avoid spraying during high humidity or when leaves are already wet.
Direct the spray toward the underside of leaves where spider mites reside; this reduces the volume needed.
Use a drip tray or absorbent mat beneath the plants to capture any accidental overspray.
After application, inspect the substrate; if water pools, gently redistribute it with a soft brush or allow it to evaporate before the next irrigation cycle.

By maintaining precise dilution, controlling spray pressure, limiting volume per area, and employing catch‑systems, runoff is minimized, protecting both the greenhouse environment and the efficacy of the treatment.

Post-Application and Follow-Up

Re-application Schedule

Monitoring for re-infestation

Effective surveillance after applying Fitovarm to cucumber crops prevents resurgence of spider mites. Early detection enables timely corrective actions, preserving the efficacy of the treatment and reducing crop loss.

Regular scouting should begin within 24 hours of the first spray and continue every 2–3 days for the initial two weeks. Inspect the underside of leaves, where mites prefer to feed, and note any live individuals, eggs, or webbing. Use a hand lens (10×–20×) to improve accuracy.

Key monitoring tools include:

Yellow sticky cards positioned at canopy level to capture wandering mites and assess population pressure.
Leaf‑brush samples collected from random plants, shaken over white trays, and examined under a microscope for precise counts.
Digital imaging of leaf sections, processed with image‑analysis software to quantify mite density.

Establish a threshold based on the number of mites per leaf (e.g., ≥ 5 mobile individuals per 10 cm²). When counts exceed this level, schedule an additional Fitovarm application at the recommended dilution, or integrate an alternative control measure.

Maintain a simple log that records date, greenhouse zone, scouting results, trap counts, and any remedial actions taken. Consistent documentation reveals trends, highlights hot spots, and supports decision‑making for future spray cycles.

By adhering to a disciplined monitoring routine, growers can verify that the initial dilution strategy remains effective and intervene promptly if the pest returns.

Interval between treatments

When applying Fitovarm to cucumber crops in a greenhouse, the timing between sprays determines both efficacy against spider mites and the risk of resistance development. The product’s residual activity lasts approximately 5–7 days under typical greenhouse conditions (temperature 22–26 °C, relative humidity 70–80 %). Consequently, a retreatment interval shorter than five days offers no additional control and may increase phytotoxicity, while intervals longer than ten days allow mite populations to rebound.

Recommended intervals:

Low infestation (≤ 5 mites per leaf): repeat applications every 7 days.
Moderate infestation (6–15 mites per leaf): repeat every 5 days.
High infestation (> 15 mites per leaf): repeat every 4 days, but do not exceed three consecutive treatments without a break of at least 14 days to prevent resistance.

Additional considerations:

Verify that the spray solution follows the manufacturer’s dilution ratio (typically 0.5 ml L⁻¹) before each application.
Record the date of each treatment; adjust intervals if environmental conditions shift (e.g., higher temperature accelerates mite reproduction).
Rotate Fitovarm with a different class of miticide after a maximum of three consecutive applications to preserve efficacy.

Adhering to these intervals maintains consistent spider‑mite suppression while minimizing crop stress and resistance risk.

Cleaning Equipment

Proper disposal of residues

When spraying cucumbers in a greenhouse with Fitovarm, any leftover solution, rinse water, or contaminated equipment must be eliminated safely to prevent environmental contamination and resistance development. Residues should never be poured into drainage systems, soil, or water bodies.

The disposal process includes:

Collecting unused concentrate and wash‑out water in a sealed, labeled container.
Storing the container away from food, feed, and living areas until a licensed waste handler retrieves it.
Transporting the waste to an authorized pesticide‑disposal facility in compliance with local regulations.
Recording the quantity, date, and method of disposal in the greenhouse’s pesticide log.

Adhering to these steps ensures compliance with safety standards and protects both the crop environment and surrounding ecosystems.

Integrated Pest Management Strategies

Combining with other methods

Properly diluted Fitovarm should be integrated with complementary tactics to achieve sustainable spider mite suppression in cucumber production. Combining chemical, biological, cultural, and physical measures enhances efficacy and reduces the risk of resistance.

Introduce predatory mites (e.g., Phytoseiulus persimilis) after the first Fitovarm application; they consume remaining spider mites and prevent resurgence.
Apply reflective mulch or white polyethylene film to deter mite colonization by disrupting host‑plant visibility.
Maintain optimal greenhouse humidity (70‑80 %) and temperature (22‑25 °C) to favor predator activity and limit mite reproduction.
Rotate Fitovarm with a different miticide class (e.g., abamectin) at a 7‑day interval to avoid cross‑resistance.
Conduct weekly leaf inspections, counting mites per leaf; adjust spray frequency based on population thresholds rather than fixed schedules.

Synchronizing these methods with the recommended Fitovarm dilution (e.g., 1 ml per 10 L of water) maximizes control while preserving cucumber quality and greenhouse health.