"Smoke" - what is it, definition of the term
A visible aerosol composed of fine solid particles and gaseous compounds generated by incomplete combustion of organic material; it consists primarily of carbonaceous soot, water vapor, and a mixture of volatile organic chemicals, disperses through the atmosphere, reduces visibility, and can pose respiratory and environmental hazards.
Detailed information
Combustion aerosol consists of suspended liquid droplets and solid particles formed when organic material burns. The mixture includes water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and fine carbonaceous solids. Particle size ranges from sub‑micron to several micrometers, influencing optical density and respiratory deposition.
The aerosol exhibits rapid diffusion, buoyancy driven by temperature gradients, and chemical reactivity with atmospheric oxidants. Light scattering by fine particles creates the characteristic gray‑white veil, while larger droplets contribute to visible opacity. Concentration diminishes with distance from the source due to dilution, deposition, and chemical transformation.
Inhalation introduces toxic gases and ultrafine particles into the lower respiratory tract. Carbon monoxide impairs oxygen transport; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons possess carcinogenic potential; fine carbon particles provoke inflammatory responses. Acute exposure may cause irritation of eyes and mucous membranes; chronic exposure correlates with reduced lung function and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Quantitative assessment employs optical particle counters, filter‑based gravimetric analysis, and spectroscopic detection of specific gases. Real‑time monitoring devices report mass concentration (µg m⁻³) and particle number distribution, supporting occupational safety and environmental regulation.
Pest‑control applications exploit the irritant and toxic properties of combustion aerosol:
- Ticks: exposure to dense aerosol layers disrupts host‑seeking behavior and can cause desiccation.
- General insects: volatile compounds act as repellents, interfering with chemosensory navigation.
- Lice: contact with aerosol particles leads to lethal dehydration and respiratory blockage.
- Fleas: inhaled irritants impair locomotion and reduce survival rates.
Effectiveness depends on concentration, exposure duration, and environmental conditions such as humidity and airflow. Controlled application in confined spaces achieves rapid population suppression, while open‑air use requires higher output to maintain lethal thresholds.