"Dog" - what is it, definition of the term
The domestic canine (Canis familiaris) is a domesticated mammalian species of the family Canidae, possessing a single-chambered stomach, non‑retractable claws, and extensive morphological diversity; it functions as a companion, working animal, and biologically serves as a common host for ectoparasites such as ticks, bugs, lice, and fleas.
Detailed information
The domestic canine is a frequent host for a range of external parasites that affect skin integrity, blood loss, and disease transmission. Understanding the biology, clinical signs, and control methods for each group is essential for maintaining animal health.
Ticks attach to the skin, insert a feeding tube, and remain attached for several days to ingest blood. Adult specimens can transmit bacterial agents such as Borrelia spp. and Anaplasma spp. Early detection relies on visual inspection of the coat, especially in hidden areas like the ears, neck, and between the toes. Removal requires grasping the mouthparts with fine-tipped tweezers and pulling steadily to avoid rupture. Topical acaricides, oral isoxazoline compounds, and regular grooming reduce infestation risk.
Fleas are small, wingless insects that breed in the environment and feed on blood multiple times per day. Their life cycle includes egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages, with the majority of development occurring off‑host. Infestations produce pruritus, dermatitis, and may lead to anemia in severe cases. Effective control combines adulticide treatments applied to the animal’s skin, insect growth regulators that interrupt development, and environmental vacuuming or steam cleaning of bedding and carpets.
Lice are obligate ectoparasites that complete their entire life cycle on the host. Two forms exist: chewing lice, which cause hair loss and scaly dermatitis, and sucking lice, which induce intense itching and secondary infection. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of plucked hair and skin scrapings. Treatment options include systemic insecticides such as selamectin and topical formulations containing pyrethrins.
Bugs, referring to hematophagous insects like sand flies and stable flies, occasionally bite canines, causing localized inflammation and potential pathogen transmission. Prevention focuses on environmental management—removing breeding sites, using insecticidal sprays, and installing physical barriers such as screened housing.
Integrated parasite management recommendations
- Perform weekly coat inspections, focusing on ears, neck, and interdigital spaces.
- Apply a veterinarian‑approved acaricide or insecticide product according to label schedule.
- Use oral isoxazoline medication for comprehensive tick and flea protection.
- Treat the living environment with an insect growth regulator and maintain regular cleaning routines.
- Rotate products annually to mitigate resistance development.
Adhering to these protocols minimizes parasite burden, preserves skin health, and prevents secondary infections in the domestic canine.