"Cow" - what is it, definition of the term
The domesticated adult female of Bos taurus, a large herbivorous mammal, is bred primarily for milk production, meat supply, and draft work; it possesses a cloven hoof, a rumen for fermenting plant material, and a characteristic udder that yields dairy.
Detailed information
Bovine species host a range of ectoparasites that affect health, productivity, and welfare. Ticks attach to the skin, feed on blood, and can transmit bacterial and protozoan pathogens such as Anaplasma and Babesia. Infestations cause skin irritation, anemia, and reduced weight gain. Effective control combines acaricide application, pasture management, and regular inspection.
Insects that bite or feed on the animal include various bugs. Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) pierce the skin, causing pain and stress that diminish feed intake. Control measures involve waste reduction, fly traps, and insecticide‑treated nets.
Lice are obligate parasites residing on hair and skin. The common species Bovicola bovis and Solenopotes capillatus feed on skin debris and secretions, leading to itching, hair loss, and secondary infections. Treatment typically employs topical insecticides or systemic agents, with emphasis on hygiene and regular grooming.
Fleas, though less prevalent on large ruminants, may appear in dense bedding or on young animals. Ctenocephalides spp. feed on blood, potentially introducing bacterial agents. Management includes frequent bedding changes, environmental insecticide treatment, and monitoring of calf groups.
Key control practices
- Routine visual checks on each animal, focusing on ears, udder, and ventral regions.
- Rotational grazing to disrupt life cycles of ground‑dwelling stages.
- Strategic use of approved chemical agents, respecting withdrawal periods.
- Implementation of biological controls, such as entomopathogenic fungi, where applicable.
Understanding the biology and life cycles of these parasites enables targeted interventions that preserve animal health and maintain production efficiency.