"Cold" - what is it, definition of the term
Low temperature refers to a state in which ambient thermal energy falls markedly beneath the typical range for a given environment, resulting in reduced molecular motion, diminished metabolic rates, and the potential for physiological stress in organisms, including ectoparasites such as ticks, bugs, lice, and fleas, whose activity, development, and survival are constrained by the decreased heat available for biochemical processes.
Detailed information
The ailment commonly referred to as a cold is an acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. It originates from rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses and similar agents. Typical manifestations include nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, mild fever and general fatigue. The infection usually resolves within one to ten days without complications.
Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets, direct contact with contaminated surfaces and subsequent hand‑to‑face contact. Peak incidence appears in colder months, when indoor crowding and reduced humidity favor viral stability. Immunity after infection is strain‑specific and does not confer long‑term protection against other variants.
Management relies on symptomatic relief: analgesics for pain and fever, decongestants for nasal blockage, and increased fluid intake to maintain hydration. Antiviral therapy is not routinely indicated. Preventive measures consist of frequent hand washing, avoidance of close contact with symptomatic individuals, and maintenance of adequate indoor ventilation.
Ticks are arachnids that attach to vertebrate hosts to ingest blood. They undergo three life stages—larva, nymph, adult—and can transmit bacterial pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and Rickettsia species. Control strategies include regular body inspections, use of acaricidal repellents, and habitat management to reduce tick density.
Bugs, in entomological terms, often refer to true bugs (order Hemiptera) such as bed bugs. These insects feed exclusively on blood and can cause dermatological reactions, secondary infections and psychological distress. Eradication requires thorough laundering of infested fabrics, heat treatment of belongings, and professional insecticide application.
Lice are obligate ectoparasites that live on human hair or clothing. Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) cause itching and scalp irritation, while body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) can transmit pathogens like Rickettsia prowazekii. Effective control involves combing, topical pediculicides, and regular laundering of personal items at temperatures above 60 °C.
Fleas are small, wingless insects that feed on mammalian blood. The cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) and the human flea (Pulex irritans) are common species. Fleas serve as vectors for Yersinia pestis (plague) and Bartonella henselae (cat‑scratch disease). Management includes regular grooming of pets, environmental insecticide treatment, and vacuuming to remove eggs and larvae.
All four arthropods can cause secondary skin infections that may complicate a respiratory viral illness, especially when scratching or excoriation occurs. Prompt identification and targeted control reduce the risk of additional morbidity.