"Antidote" - what is it, definition of the term
A counteracting agent administered to neutralize or mitigate the physiological effects of venom, poison, or disease transmitted by arthropods such as ticks, insects, lice, and fleas; it functions by binding toxins, accelerating metabolic degradation, or blocking receptor interaction, thereby restoring normal biological function.
Detailed information
A counteractive agent designed to neutralize the physiological effects of ectoparasites such as ticks, insects, lice, and fleas operates by interrupting the biochemical pathways that cause irritation, disease transmission, or allergic reactions. The compound typically binds to neuroreceptors, blocks enzymatic activity, or induces rapid desiccation of the parasite’s exoskeleton.
Mechanisms include:
- Antagonism of acetylcholine receptors, leading to paralysis of the organism.
- Inhibition of chitin synthesis, preventing molting and growth.
- Disruption of lipid membranes, causing loss of cellular integrity.
Specific formulations for each target:
- Ticks – synthetic pyrethroids applied as topical sprays; systemic ivermectin administered orally.
- Insects (e.g., bed bugs) – silica‑based dusts that absorb lipids; desiccant aerosols containing potassium salts.
- Lice – dimethicone lotions that coat and suffocate; oral pediculicides such as malathion.
- Fleas – spinosad‑based spot‑on treatments; oral nitenpyram that induces rapid paralysis.
Dosage and application follow manufacturer guidelines: skin‑contact products require thorough coverage of affected areas, while oral preparations demand weight‑adjusted dosing with a full meal to enhance absorption. Repeat treatments are scheduled based on the life cycle of the target organism, typically every 7–14 days for persistent infestations.
Safety considerations involve contraindications for pregnant or lactating individuals, potential neurotoxicity in high‑dose exposures, and documented resistance in populations exposed to repeated pyrethroid use. Monitoring for adverse reactions and rotating active ingredients mitigate resistance development and preserve efficacy.