"Acid" - what is it, definition of the term
A proton‑donating substance is a chemical entity that, upon dissolution in water, releases hydrogen ions (H⁺), thereby increasing the solution’s acidity and reducing its pH; such compounds characteristically taste sour, turn blue litmus paper red, and react with bases to yield salts and water.
Detailed information
An acidic agent is a chemical species that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in aqueous solution, resulting in a pH below 7. The tendency to donate protons is quantified by the dissociation constant (Ka); a larger Ka indicates a stronger proton donor.
Acidic substances fall into two principal families. Mineral varieties, such as sulfuric and hydrochloric, arise from inorganic sources and typically exhibit high ionization efficiency. Organic counterparts, including acetic and citric, contain carbon frameworks and often display weaker dissociation. Strength classification distinguishes strong agents, which fully ionize in water, from weak agents, which achieve only partial ionization.
Characteristic properties include a sour taste, electrical conductivity in solution, and vigorous reactions with bases, metals, and carbonates. Contact with metals generates hydrogen gas and soluble salts; interaction with carbonates produces carbon dioxide and water.
Handling protocols require protective gloves, eye shields, and chemical‑resistant clothing. Storage should occur in sealed containers made of compatible materials, away from bases and oxidizers, to prevent accidental neutralization or corrosion.
In pest‑management contexts, proton‑donating chemicals serve several functions:
- Desiccation – low‑pH formulations strip moisture from the exoskeleton of ticks, lice, fleas, and other arthropods, leading to rapid dehydration.
- Cuticle disruption – acidic exposure weakens the chitinous cuticle, facilitating penetration of insecticidal agents.
- pH alteration – environments rendered overly acidic inhibit egg viability and larval development of common ectoparasites.
- Synergistic action – combination with alkaline compounds creates controlled neutralization reactions that release heat, enhancing lethal effects on bugs and lice.
Safety data sheets specify corrosive nature, potential for skin burns, and inhalation hazards. Immediate decontamination with large volumes of water and neutralizing agents is recommended after accidental exposure.