Lice in a child: causes, what to do? - briefly
Infestation typically arises from head‑to‑head contact or sharing items like combs, hats, or pillows. Prompt treatment with an approved pediculicide, thorough nit removal using a fine comb, and washing clothing and bedding at high temperature eliminates the problem and reduces the risk of recurrence.
Lice in a child: causes, what to do? - in detail
Head lice infestations affect many school‑age children worldwide. The insects live on the scalp, feed on blood, and lay eggs (nits) that attach firmly to hair shafts.
The most common transmission route is direct head‑to‑head contact during play or group activities. Sharing items such as combs, hats, helmets, scarves, or headphones can also transfer lice. Occasionally, a child may acquire an infestation from contaminated furniture, bedding, or clothing, especially in environments where many individuals congregate.
Factors that increase susceptibility include crowded classrooms, daycare centers, and families with limited access to regular hair‑care supplies. Children who frequently engage in close‑contact sports or have long hair are at higher risk.
Typical signs appear within two weeks of exposure. Persistent itching, especially around the ears and neckline, often results from an allergic reaction to saliva. Close inspection may reveal live insects moving quickly across the scalp or nits fixed within ¼‑inch of the scalp surface. Nits appear as tiny, oval, yellow‑white structures that are difficult to remove without a fine‑toothed comb.
Detection requires a systematic examination. Part the hair in sections, hold a bright light close to the scalp, and use a fine‑toothed lice comb. Run the comb from the scalp outward, wiping the teeth after each pass. Repeat the process on all sections of the head.
Immediate steps after confirmation include:
- Isolate the child from group activities until treatment begins.
- Apply an approved topical pediculicide according to the product label (e.g., 1 % permethrin lotion, 0.5 % pyrethrin shampoo). Follow the recommended contact time and rinse thoroughly.
- After the chemical treatment, use a fine‑toothed comb to remove dead lice and nits. Perform combing at least twice a day for one week.
- Repeat the chemical treatment 7–10 days later to eliminate any newly hatched lice that survived the first application.
Environmental measures focus on decontaminating personal items:
- Wash clothing, pillowcases, and towels used within the previous 48 hours in hot water (≥ 130 °F) and dry on high heat.
- Place non‑washable items in a sealed plastic bag for two weeks or treat them with a lice‑specific spray.
- Vacuum carpets, upholstery, and car seats to remove stray hairs that may contain nits.
- Discard or disinfect combs, brushes, and hair accessories by soaking them in hot water for at least 10 minutes.
Preventive practices reduce recurrence:
- Teach children not to share headgear, hair accessories, or personal grooming tools.
- Conduct weekly scalp inspections, especially after school breaks or vacations.
- Maintain short hair lengths when feasible, as shorter hair limits lice mobility.
- Encourage regular hand‑washing and discourage head‑to‑head play in crowded settings.
Monitoring continues for at least three weeks after treatment. Re‑examine the scalp every 2–3 days; any new nits or live insects require immediate retreatment. Documenting the timeline helps caregivers and health professionals assess treatment efficacy and prevent further spread.