After a tick bite, when do encephalitis symptoms appear in a person? - briefly
Encephalitic signs typically emerge within 7‑14 days after a tick attachment, though onset may be delayed up to 30 days. Early neurological indicators include headache, fever, confusion, and stiff neck.
After a tick bite, when do encephalitis symptoms appear in a person? - in detail
Tick‑borne encephalitis (TBE) typically emerges after an incubation period of 7‑14 days, although cases have been recorded as early as 4 days and as late as 28 days post‑exposure. The disease often follows a biphasic course.
During the first phase, patients experience nonspecific viral symptoms—fever, headache, malaise, and muscle aches. This stage lasts 2‑7 days and may resolve spontaneously, giving a false sense of recovery.
The second phase, indicating central nervous system involvement, begins after a brief asymptomatic interval of 1‑5 days. Neurological manifestations appear at this point and may include:
- High fever persisting beyond the initial phase
- Severe headache, often frontal or occipital
- Neck stiffness and photophobia
- Altered mental status: confusion, lethargy, or agitation
- Focal neurological deficits: weakness, ataxia, or cranial nerve palsies
- Seizures in severe cases
In children, the interval between bite and neurological signs can be shorter, sometimes within 5 days, while immunocompromised individuals may experience an accelerated progression.
Laboratory confirmation usually involves detection of TBE‑specific IgM and IgG antibodies in serum or cerebrospinal fluid, typically 5‑10 days after neurological onset. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is less sensitive but may aid early diagnosis.
Early supportive care—fluid management, antipyretics, and monitoring of intracranial pressure—reduces morbidity. No antiviral therapy has proven effective; treatment focuses on symptom control and prevention of complications.
Vaccination remains the primary preventive measure, providing protection when administered before exposure. Prompt removal of attached ticks within 24 hours markedly lowers the risk of viral transmission.