Which drugs are used to treat ear mites in rabbits?

Understanding Ear Mites in Rabbits

What are Ear Mites?

Identifying the Species: «Psoroptes cuniculi»

Correct identification of the ear‑mite species is essential for selecting an effective antiparasitic regimen. In rabbits, the predominant cause of otic dermatitis is the mite «Psoroptes cuniculi», a surface‑dwelling arthropod that produces intense inflammation and crust formation.

Diagnosis relies on direct observation of the ear canal. Otoscopic inspection reveals dark, keratinous debris and moving mites. Microscopic examination of collected material confirms the characteristic dorsal shields and rounded bodies of «Psoroptes cuniculi». Laboratory confirmation may involve flotation or skin‑scraping techniques to differentiate this species from other otic parasites.

Therapeutic agents proven against «Psoroptes cuniculi» include:

Ivermectin, oral dose 0.2 mg/kg once, repeat after 14 days if needed.
Selamectin, topical application at 6 mg/kg on the dorsum, repeat after 30 days.
Moxidectin, subcutaneous injection at 0.2 mg/kg, single administration.
Doramectin, injectable dose 0.2 mg/kg, repeat after 7 days.
Milbemycin oxime, oral dose 0.5 mg/kg daily for three consecutive days.

Adjunctive care involves cleaning the ear canal with a mild antiseptic solution and maintaining a dry environment to prevent reinfestation. Monitoring for side effects, such as neurological signs associated with macrocyclic lactones, is necessary throughout treatment.

Life Cycle and Transmission

Ear mites that infest rabbits, primarily Psoroptes cuniculi and Otodectes cynotis, develop through a predictable sequence that determines the timing of clinical signs and the window for therapeutic intervention.

Egg: deposited on the ear canal surface, hatches within 2–5 days.
Larva: six-legged stage, feeds on cerumen, matures in 3–5 days.
Nymph: eight-legged stage, continues feeding, progresses to adulthood in 5–7 days.
Adult: reproduces, completing the cycle in approximately 2–3 weeks under optimal conditions.

Transmission occurs through direct contact between rabbits, especially during grooming or mating, and via contaminated environments such as cages, nesting material, and grooming tools. Indirect spread is facilitated by fomites that retain viable eggs or larvae for several days, allowing infestation of new hosts even after the original animal has been treated.

Understanding the rapid maturation and high reproductive capacity of ear mites informs the selection of acaricidal agents that provide sustained activity throughout the full life cycle, ensuring eradication of both adult mites and developing stages. Effective drugs must maintain therapeutic concentrations for at least 3 weeks to interrupt the cycle and prevent re‑infestation from residual environmental contamination.

Recognizing the Symptoms

Visual Signs

Ear mite infestation in rabbits produces distinct visual indicators that facilitate early detection. Affected ears often exhibit a dark, crumbly debris resembling coffee grounds, which accumulates within the ear canal and sometimes on the outer ear flap. The skin lining the canal may appear reddened and inflamed, with occasional swelling that narrows the entrance. Excessive scratching or head shaking frequently accompanies the condition, leading to secondary hair loss around the ears. In severe cases, the debris becomes wet and foul‑smelling, and the ear canal may develop scabs or ulcerations.

Key visual signs include:

Dark, gritty discharge resembling coffee grounds
Redness and inflammation of the ear canal skin
Swelling of the ear flap or canal entrance
Hair loss and crust formation around the ear region
Foul odor and wet, matted debris in advanced infestations

Observation of these signs should prompt veterinary assessment and appropriate antiparasitic therapy.

Behavioral Changes

Ear mite infestation triggers distinct behavioral alterations. Rabbits frequently exhibit rapid head shaking, persistent ear scratching, and frequent grooming of the affected ear. Reduced overall activity, diminished feeding, and increased lethargy frequently accompany severe infestations.

Pharmacologic options alleviate these signs. Commonly employed agents include:

Ivermectin (topical or injectable formulation)
Selamectin (topical spot‑on)
Moxidectin (topical or oral)
Milbemycin oxime (oral)

Effective treatment eliminates mite burden, resulting in immediate cessation of head shaking and ear scratching. Within 24–48 hours, normal feeding patterns and activity levels typically resume, confirming therapeutic success.

Behavioral monitoring serves as a practical indicator of treatment efficacy. Owners should observe for persistent ear manipulation, recurrent shaking, or renewed lethargy beyond the expected recovery window. Continued abnormal behavior may signal incomplete eradication, resistance, or secondary infection, warranting re‑evaluation of the drug regimen.

Differentiating from Other Conditions

Ear mite infestations in rabbits present with specific clinical signs that distinguish them from other otic disorders. The primary indicator is intense pruritus localized to the ear canal, often resulting in frequent scratching or head shaking. A characteristic dark, crumbly debris – sometimes described as «coffee‑ground» material – accumulates in the external auditory canal. This debris contains the mites, their eggs, and fecal pellets, and it adheres to the ear walls, creating a thickened, inflamed canal.

In contrast, bacterial or fungal otitis typically produces a malodorous, purulent discharge that may be yellow, green, or white, rather than the dry, granular residue of mite infection. Cytological examination of the discharge reveals neutrophils and bacterial organisms in bacterial cases, whereas mite infestations show live parasites and ova under microscopy.

Another differentiating factor is the pattern of ear canal swelling. Mite‑induced inflammation is usually limited to the distal portion of the canal, while chronic bacterial infections can cause diffuse thickening and edema extending proximally toward the tympanic membrane. Pain upon palpation of the pinna or external ear is more pronounced in bacterial conditions due to deeper tissue involvement.

Diagnostic confirmation relies on microscopic identification of Psoroptes cuniculi or Cheyletiella spp. in ear swabs. When such parasites are observed, the condition is classified as an ectoparasitic otitis, guiding the selection of appropriate antiparasitic agents. Absence of mites and presence of bacterial growth shift treatment toward antimicrobial therapy.

Diagnosis of Ear Mites

Veterinary Examination

Otoscopic Examination

Otoscopic examination provides direct visualization of the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane, allowing rapid identification of otodectic mange in lagomorphs. The procedure begins with gentle restraint, followed by insertion of a calibrated otoscope equipped with a light source and a speculum sized for rabbit ears. Clear illumination reveals characteristic debris: dark, wax‑like material mixed with live or dead mites, and a foul odor. Inflammation manifests as erythema, edema, and excessive cerumen. Absence of these signs suggests alternative otic disorders.

Key findings guide therapeutic decisions:

Presence of live mites → topical acaricides such as selamectin or moxidectin formulations.
Severe inflammation → systemic anti‑inflammatory agents (e.g., meloxicam) before or alongside topical treatment.
Secondary bacterial infection → broad‑spectrum otic antibiotics (e.g., enrofloxacin ear drops).

Accurate otoscopic assessment also determines the need for canal cleaning, which enhances drug penetration and reduces recurrence. Re‑examination after 7–10 days confirms treatment efficacy by documenting reduced debris and mite count. Continuous monitoring ensures early detection of relapse and informs adjustments in pharmacological regimens.

Microscopic Analysis of Ear Swabs

Microscopic examination of ear‑canal swabs provides definitive confirmation of otodectic mange in lagomorphs. The presence of live or dead mites, ova, and characteristic debris distinguishes infestation from bacterial or fungal otitis and directs appropriate pharmacotherapy.

Sample collection involves gently inserting a sterile cotton‑tipped applicator into the external auditory canal, rotating to acquire epithelial cells, cerumen, and any visible arthropods. The material is transferred to a glass slide, mixed with a drop of saline or lactophenol, and covered with a coverslip. Staining with a rapid eosin‑acidic dye enhances contrast, allowing observation at 100–400 × magnification.

Under the microscope, the target mite appears as a dorsoventrally flattened organism measuring 0.3–0.5 mm, with a rounded anterior shield and four pairs of legs. Key diagnostic features include:

Dorsal shield bearing punctate ornamentation
Posterior opisthosomal region with a short, pointed tail
Presence of oval ova (≈0.1 mm) within the cerumen matrix

Identification of «Otodectes cynotis» confirms the need for anti‑mite agents. Effective systemic and topical medications approved for rabbit use include:

Ivermectin – oral or injectable, dosage 0.2 mg/kg body weight, repeated after 14 days
Selamectin – topical spot‑on, 0.2 mg/kg, administered monthly
Moxidectin – oral formulation, 0.2 mg/kg, single dose
Milbemycin oxime – oral, 0.5 mg/kg, repeated after 30 days

Accurate microscopic diagnosis ensures selection of the appropriate drug, minimizes unnecessary antimicrobial use, and supports rapid resolution of clinical signs.

Principles of Treatment

Goals of Treatment

Eliminating Mites

Ear mite infestations in rabbits require prompt pharmacological intervention to eradicate the parasites and prevent secondary infections. Effective elimination relies on agents that target the mite’s nervous system or disrupt its cuticle.

«Ivermectin» – macrocyclic lactone, administered subcutaneously or orally at 0.2 mg/kg once, repeat after 7 days if necessary.
«Selamectin» – topical formulation, applied to the dorsal neck at 0.2 mg/kg, repeat after 14 days.
«Milbemycin oxime» – oral chewable tablet, 0.5 mg/kg daily for three consecutive days.
«Moxidectin» – injectable solution, 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously, single dose often sufficient.
«Pyrethrin‑based ear drops» – 0.5 % concentration, applied directly into the ear canal twice daily for five days.
«Lime sulfur dip» – 2 % solution, immersion for 10 minutes, repeated weekly for three weeks.

Selection of a drug depends on the rabbit’s health status, age, and any concurrent conditions. Veterinary prescription is required for macrocyclic lactones due to potential toxicity at improper doses. Topical treatments suit rabbits with sensitive gastrointestinal tracts, while systemic agents provide broader coverage for hidden infestations.

Environmental decontamination complements pharmacotherapy. Bedding, cages, and grooming tools should be washed with hot water and disinfected. Re‑treatment schedules align with the mite life cycle, typically 2–3 weeks, to ensure eradication of newly hatched individuals.

Follow‑up examinations confirm parasite clearance. Otoscopic inspection and ear swabs performed two weeks after the final dose verify the absence of live mites. Persistent signs warrant reassessment of drug choice, dosage, or possible resistance.

Alleviating Symptoms

Alleviating the discomfort caused by ear mite infestation in rabbits requires immediate attention to inflammation, itching, and secondary infections. Topical anti‑inflammatory agents, such as corticosteroid ear drops, reduce swelling and limit tissue damage. Antihistamine preparations applied locally lessen pruritus, decreasing the rabbit’s tendency to scratch and self‑injure.

Effective symptom control also includes regular ear cleaning. Warm saline solution, applied with a soft gauze, removes debris and excess cerumen without irritating the canal. After cleaning, a drying agent—commonly a solution containing isopropyl alcohol or a veterinary‑approved drying spray—prevents moisture buildup that favors bacterial growth.

Adjunctive therapies address pain and secondary bacterial infection:

Non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory medication (e.g., meloxicam) administered orally for analgesia.
Broad‑spectrum topical antibiotics (e.g., enrofloxacin or gentamicin ear ointment) applied after cleaning to combat bacterial colonisation.
Systemic antibiotics prescribed when clinical signs indicate deeper infection.

Environmental management supports recovery. Maintaining a dry, low‑humidity habitat reduces re‑infestation risk. Regular inspection of the ears during the treatment period ensures early detection of persistent inflammation or adverse reactions, allowing prompt adjustment of the therapeutic regimen.

Preventing Recurrence

Effective control of ear‑mite infestations in rabbits extends beyond initial medication. After administering the appropriate acaricide, owners must implement measures that eliminate sources of re‑infection and support long‑term health.

Thoroughly clean and disinfect cages, hutch interiors, and feeding accessories with a rabbit‑safe disinfectant; allow surfaces to dry completely before reuse.
Replace bedding material with fresh, low‑dust substrate; discard any material that has contacted the affected animal.
Wash all grooming tools, including ear‑cotton swabs and brushes, in hot, soapy water and rinse thoroughly.
Inspect and, if necessary, treat any co‑habiting rabbits or other small mammals with the same therapeutic protocol to prevent cross‑contamination.
Administer a second dose of the prescribed medication according to the product’s interval guidelines, typically 7–10 days after the initial treatment, to eradicate residual mites.
Schedule regular veterinary examinations for at least four weeks post‑treatment; early detection of microscopic mite presence permits prompt intervention.
Maintain a dry, well‑ventilated environment to discourage mite proliferation; humidity levels above 70 % create favorable conditions for survival.

Consistent application of these practices reduces the likelihood of recurrence and promotes a healthy auditory system for the rabbit.

General Considerations

Treating All Exposed Rabbits

Ear mite infestations spread rapidly among rabbits kept together; treating every animal that has had contact eliminates the reservoir and prevents reinfestation.

Effective systemic agents include:

Ivermectin, 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously or orally, repeated after 14 days.
Selamectin, 0.2 mg/kg topically, administered weekly for three applications.
Moxidectin, 0.2 mg/kg orally, repeated after 14 days.
Milbemycin oxime, 0.5 mg/kg orally, given every 30 days for two cycles.

Topical otic preparations provide direct action:

Pyrethrin‑based ear drops, two drops per ear daily for five days.
Carbaryl ear solution, applied once daily for three days.

Treatment protocol for all exposed rabbits:

Confirm diagnosis by otoscopic examination and ear scraping.
Calculate individual dosage based on current body weight.
Administer chosen systemic drug according to schedule; supplement with appropriate ear drops.
Isolate treated animals for the duration of therapy; clean cages, bedding, and feeding equipment with an ivermectin‑compatible disinfectant.
Repeat otoscopic evaluation 7 days after the final dose; retreat if mites persist.

Follow‑up includes weekly ear examinations for four weeks and a final assessment at eight weeks to verify eradication. Documentation of dosages, dates, and observations ensures traceability and supports future health management.

Environmental Decontamination

Effective treatment of rabbit ear mite infestations requires parallel environmental decontamination. Residual parasites persist on cage surfaces, bedding, and grooming tools, creating a reservoir for reinfection. Eliminating this reservoir enhances the efficacy of pharmacologic interventions and reduces the likelihood of relapse.

Common antiparasitic agents include:

ivermectin (topical or injectable)
selamectin (topical)
milbemycin oxime (oral)
moxidectin (topical)

After administering any of these drugs, implement the following decontamination protocol:

Remove all bedding, toys, and accessories; launder with hot water (≥ 60 °C) and a disinfectant approved for small‑animal use.
Clean cage walls, floor panels, and feeding stations with a detergent solution, then rinse thoroughly.
Apply a broad‑spectrum disinfectant (e.g., a quaternary ammonium compound) to all hard surfaces; allow the recommended contact time before wiping dry.
Replace bedding with fresh, low‑dust material; avoid reusable fabric liners that may retain mite eggs.
Vacuum the surrounding area, discarding the vacuum bag or cleaning the canister to prevent cross‑contamination.

Regular monitoring of the rabbit’s ear canal, combined with strict adherence to the cleaning schedule, sustains a mite‑free environment and supports the therapeutic action of the selected drugs. «Ear mites» cannot survive prolonged exposure to properly applied disinfectants, making environmental control an indispensable component of comprehensive rabbit care.

Approved Medications for Ear Mites

Topical Treatments

Selamectin («Revolution»)

Selamectin, a macrocyclic lactone, is employed to eliminate ear mite infestations in rabbits. The compound interferes with glutamate‑gated chloride channels in the parasite, inducing paralysis and death.

The drug is supplied as a topical solution applied to the skin. The commercial preparation is known as «Revolution». Recommended dosage is 0.2 mg kg⁻¹, administered as a single spot‑on dose on the dorsal neck region. Repeat treatment after 30 days may be required for complete eradication.

Weight‑based dose: 0.2 mg per kilogram of body weight.
Application site: shaved area of the neck, avoiding the ears.
Frequency: initial dose, followed by a second dose at 30 days if mites persist.

Clinical trials report cure rates exceeding 90 % after the second application. The medication demonstrates rapid onset of action, with mite counts decreasing within a few days.

Adverse reactions are rare; occasional transient skin irritation or mild gastrointestinal upset may occur. Systemic toxicity is low because absorption is limited to the site of application.

Contraindications include rabbits with known hypersensitivity to selamectin or other macrocyclic lactones. Use with caution in pregnant or lactating does, as safety data are limited. Store the product at temperatures below 25 °C, protected from light.

Moxidectin («Advantage Multi»)

Moxidectin, delivered as the commercial product «Advantage Multi», belongs to the macrocyclic lactone class and provides systemic activity against a range of parasites in rabbits, including the ear mite Psoroptes cuniculi.

Dosage: 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ body weight, administered as a single spot‑on application to the dorsal neck region.
Efficacy: Clinical studies report complete eradication of ear mites within 7–10 days after treatment, with a single dose sufficient for most cases.
Safety: The drug exhibits a wide safety margin; adverse effects are rare and generally limited to transient mild skin irritation at the application site.
Contraindications: Not recommended for lactating does or kits younger than 8 weeks; caution advised in animals with known hypersensitivity to macrocyclic lactones.
Withdrawal period: No specific withdrawal time required for meat production, but local regulations should be consulted for official guidance.

Administration under veterinary supervision ensures correct dosing and monitoring of treatment response. Regular ear examinations after therapy confirm resolution of mite infestation and help detect potential reinfestation.

Fipronil Spray (Off-Label Use)

Fipronil spray is employed off‑label for the control of ear mite infestations in rabbits. The product contains a phenylpyrazole insecticide that disrupts the γ‑aminobutyric acid‑gated chloride channels of arthropods, leading to paralysis and death of the parasites.

Typical application involves a thin, even coating of the spray onto the external auditory canal and surrounding skin, avoiding direct contact with the tympanic membrane. Dosage recommendations for off‑label use commonly suggest a concentration of 0.5 % to 1 % w/v, applied once and repeated after 7–10 days if mite activity persists.

Efficacy data from veterinary case reports indicate rapid reduction of mite counts, often within 48 hours, with complete resolution observed after the second application.

Safety considerations include:

Potential dermal irritation; monitor the treated area for erythema or edema.
Systemic absorption is minimal, yet caution is advised for pregnant or lactating females.
Avoid use in neonates younger than two weeks due to immature hepatic metabolism.
Do not combine with other topical acaricides containing organophosphates or carbamates to prevent synergistic toxicity.

Regulatory status classifies fipronil spray as a veterinary medicinal product for livestock; its application in lagomorphs lacks formal approval, necessitating explicit veterinary prescription. Documentation of off‑label use should detail dosage, frequency, and observed outcomes to support responsible practice.

Systemic Treatments

Ivermectin (Injectable or Oral)

Ivermectin, a macrocyclic lactone, is widely employed to eradicate ear mite infestations in rabbits. The compound interferes with neuronal transmission in arthropods, leading to paralysis and death of the parasites.

Injectable ivermectin is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Typical dosage ranges from 0.2 mg/kg to 0.4 mg/kg, delivered as a single injection. Re‑treatment after 7–10 days may be required to eliminate newly hatched mites. Commercial preparations often contain 1 % or 1.5 % ivermectin; the appropriate volume is calculated based on the rabbit’s weight.

Oral ivermectin is available in tablet or liquid form. Recommended dosage mirrors the injectable range, 0.2 mg/kg to 0.4 mg/kg, given once daily for three consecutive days. Oral administration facilitates treatment of multiple animals without repeated injections. Accurate dosing instruments are essential to avoid under‑ or overdosing.

Safety considerations include heightened sensitivity in young, pregnant, or debilitated rabbits. Adverse effects may comprise tremors, ataxia, or gastrointestinal upset. Contraindications comprise known hypersensitivity to macrocyclic lactones. Monitoring for clinical signs during the first 24 hours after administration is advisable.

Veterinary oversight ensures correct dosage calculation, appropriate route selection, and integration with environmental control measures. Follow‑up examinations confirm eradication of ear mites and detect any residual lesions.

Selamectin (Spot-On)

Selamectin, marketed as «Spot‑On», is a topical antiparasitic formulation approved for the control of ear mite (Psoroptes cuniculi) infestations in rabbits. The active ingredient belongs to the macrocyclic lactone class and interferes with neurotransmission in arthropods, leading to paralysis and death of the mites.

Administration involves a single dose applied to the dorsal cervical region, where the solution spreads across the skin surface. Recommended dosage is 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ of body weight; the exact volume is calculated based on the product’s concentration (typically 12 mg ml⁻¹). The treatment should be repeated after 30 days to address any newly hatched mites, as the life cycle may extend beyond the initial exposure period.

Clinical studies report rapid reduction of mite counts within 7 days, with complete resolution of otic inflammation observed by day 14 in most cases. Systemic absorption is minimal, resulting in a favorable safety profile for adult rabbits. Observed adverse effects are limited to mild transient skin irritation at the application site.

Contraindications include use in pregnant or lactating does and in animals with known hypersensitivity to macrocyclic lactones. Monitoring for neurological signs, such as tremors or ataxia, is advised, although such events are rare. Veterinary oversight ensures appropriate dosing and identification of potential drug interactions, particularly with other antiparasitic agents.

Adjunctive Therapies

Ear Cleaners

Ear cleaners are essential components of a comprehensive regimen for eliminating ear mites in rabbits. Their function is to remove cerumen, debris, and residual medication, thereby enhancing the efficacy of topical acaricides and reducing the risk of secondary infections.

Effective ear cleaners possess the following characteristics: isotonic composition, non‑irritating surfactants, broad antimicrobial spectrum, and compatibility with common anti‑mite agents such as selamectin or ivermectin. Formulations that combine a mild antiseptic with a soothing agent support both hygiene and comfort.

Common active ingredients include:

Saline solution (0.9 % NaCl) – dissolves wax, maintains osmotic balance.
Chlorhexidine (0.05–0.2 %) – broad‑spectrum antimicrobial, safe for external ear use.
Povidone‑iodine (1–2 %) – effective against bacteria and fungi, limited to short‑term application.
Lidocaine (0.5–1 %) – provides local analgesia during cleaning.
Diluted tea tree oil (≤0.5 %) – potent acaricide, used only under veterinary supervision due to ototoxic potential.

Application protocol: administer a measured drop (approximately 0.2 ml) into the external auditory canal after the prescribed acaricide, massage the base of the ear to distribute the solution, allow the rabbit to shake or gently wipe excess, repeat once daily for 5–7 days. Ensure the tympanic membrane remains intact; avoid insertion of applicators that could damage the canal.

Safety considerations: exclude products containing alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or strong essential oils unless specifically approved; monitor for signs of irritation, swelling, or discharge; discontinue use and consult a veterinarian if adverse reactions occur. Proper cleaning, combined with appropriate medication, maximizes the likelihood of complete eradication of ear mites in rabbits.

Anti-inflammatory Medications

Anti‑inflammatory agents are essential components of therapy for rabbit ear‑mite infestations because they alleviate tissue swelling, pain and secondary bacterial inflammation.

Commonly employed medications include non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as meloxicam and carprofen, which provide analgesic and anti‑edematous effects. Dosage for meloxicam typically ranges from 0.2 mg/kg orally once daily, while carprofen is administered at 2–4 mg/kg orally every 12 hours. Both drugs are metabolized hepatically; liver function should be evaluated before initiation.

Corticosteroids, for example dexamethasone and prednisolone, are used when severe inflammatory responses accompany the mite infection. Dexamethasone is given at 0.1–0.2 mg/kg intramuscularly once daily, whereas prednisolone is administered at 1–2 mg/kg orally every 24 hours. Rapid reduction of edema and suppression of immune‑mediated irritation are achieved, but long‑term use is limited due to risks of immunosuppression and gastrointestinal ulceration.

Adjunctive anti‑inflammatory therapy must be coordinated with acaricidal treatment (e.g., ivermectin, selamectin) to address the underlying parasite load. Monitoring parameters include body weight, appetite, fecal output and signs of gastrointestinal distress. Adjustments to dosage or drug selection are warranted if adverse effects emerge.

In summary, effective management of ear‑mite disease in rabbits incorporates NSAIDs for mild to moderate inflammation and corticosteroids for severe cases, each administered according to established dosage guidelines and accompanied by vigilant clinical observation.

Antibiotics for Secondary Infections

Antibiotic therapy addresses bacterial complications that frequently follow ear‑mite infestations in rabbits. The primary goal is to eliminate secondary infections, reduce inflammation, and prevent tissue damage while the anti‑mite treatment takes effect.

Commonly prescribed agents include:

Enrofloxacin, administered orally or by injection, effective against Gram‑negative and some Gram‑positive organisms; typical dose 5 mg/kg once daily for 7–10 days.
Trimethoprim‑sulfamethoxazole, oral formulation, broad‑spectrum coverage; dosage 15 mg/kg twice daily for 5–7 days.
Amoxicillin‑clavulanic acid, oral tablets or suspension, targets beta‑lactamase‑producing bacteria; dosage 20 mg/kg every 12 hours for 7 days.
Marbofloxacin, injectable or oral, high potency against resistant strains; dosage 2 mg/kg once daily for 5 days.

Selection should be guided by bacterial culture and sensitivity whenever possible, reducing the risk of resistance. Empirical therapy may begin promptly, but adjustment based on laboratory results improves outcomes. Dosage calculations must consider the rabbit’s weight and health status; overdose can cause nephrotoxicity, especially with fluoroquinolones.

Monitoring includes observation of ear discharge, swelling, and pain. Resolution of purulent exudate and normalization of ear canal appearance indicate successful treatment. If clinical signs persist beyond the prescribed course, re‑evaluation for resistant organisms or alternative diagnoses is warranted.

Administration of Medications

Dosage and Frequency

Following Veterinary Instructions

Adhering to professional veterinary guidance ensures effective elimination of ear mites in rabbits and minimizes risk of drug toxicity.

Systemic medications commonly prescribed include:

Ivermectin, administered orally at 0.2 mg/kg once, with a repeat dose after 14 days if mites persist.
Selamectin, applied topically at 0.2 mg/kg on the dorsal neck region, repeated in 30 days.
Moxidectin, given orally at 0.2 mg/kg, with a second dose after 7 days for severe infestations.
Doramectin, injected subcutaneously at 0.2 mg/kg, single dose sufficient for most cases.

Topical otic preparations complement systemic therapy:

Lime‑sulfur dip, diluted to 1 % and applied to the ear canal twice weekly for three weeks.
Milbemycin‑containing ear drops, used according to label instructions, typically one drop per ear daily for five days.

Monitoring protocols require:

Re‑examination of ear canals 7 days post‑treatment to assess mite clearance.
Observation for adverse reactions such as lethargy, loss of appetite, or dermatologic irritation.
Adjustment of dosage or switch to alternative drug if clinical response inadequate.

Strict compliance with the veterinarian’s dosage schedule, administration route, and follow‑up plan maximizes therapeutic success and safeguards rabbit health.

Importance of Completing the Course

Ear mite infestations in rabbits are commonly treated with ivermectin, selamectin, milbemycin oxime, or a combination of pyrantel and levamisole. These agents act on the nervous system of the parasite, disrupting transmission of impulses and causing paralysis.

Maintaining therapeutic drug levels throughout the prescribed period eliminates all life stages of the mite. Early cessation leaves viable eggs and immature individuals, allowing the population to rebound.

Interrupting treatment increases selection pressure for resistant strains. Repeated exposure to sub‑therapeutic concentrations encourages genetic adaptations that diminish drug efficacy.

Adhering to the dosing schedule reduces the likelihood of re‑infestation within the same environment. Consistent administration also protects cohabiting animals that may be susceptible to cross‑species transmission.

«Completing the course» safeguards animal health, minimizes recurrence, and preserves the long‑term usefulness of the medications.

Application Techniques

Topical Spot-Ons

Topical spot‑on formulations provide a convenient systemic approach for eliminating ear mites in rabbits. The medication is applied to the skin, typically at the base of the neck, and is absorbed through the dermal layer, reaching the ear canal where the parasites reside.

Common active ingredients in spot‑on products include:

Selamectin – broad‑spectrum antiparasitic, effective against Psoroptes spp.
Ivermectin – macrocyclic lactone with proven efficacy against ear mite infestations.
Milbemycin oxime – targets nematodes and arthropods, including ear mites.
Moxidectin – high‑potency compound, suitable for severe infestations.

Dosage recommendations depend on the animal’s weight. Manufacturers generally advise 0.2 mg of selamectin per kilogram of body weight, delivered as a single 0.5 ml dose. Ivermectin spot‑ons often prescribe 0.5 mg kg⁻¹, while milbemycin oxime and moxidectin formulations may require 0.1‑0.2 mg kg⁻¹. Application involves parting the fur at the nape, dispensing the measured volume directly onto the skin, and preventing the rabbit from licking the site for at least 30 minutes.

Safety considerations include avoiding use in pregnant or lactating females unless veterinary guidance permits. Observe for signs of hypersensitivity such as excessive scratching, swelling, or respiratory distress. In case of adverse reactions, discontinue treatment and consult a veterinarian promptly.

Spot‑on therapy complements routine ear cleaning. Mechanical removal of debris and wax, followed by topical medication, enhances parasite eradication and reduces the likelihood of reinfestation. Regular monitoring of ear health ensures early detection of recurrence.

Ear Drops

Ear mite infestations in rabbits require prompt topical therapy to eradicate the parasites and prevent secondary infections. Ear drops deliver medication directly to the canal, achieving high local concentrations while minimizing systemic exposure.

Commonly prescribed ear‑drop formulations include:

Ivermectin 10 mg/mL solution (e.g., Ivomec® ear drops) – broad‑spectrum antiparasitic, effective against Psoroptes cuniculi.
Selamectin 5 mg/mL solution (e.g., Revolution® ear drops) – macrocyclic lactone with activity against ear mites and external parasites.
Moxidectin 1 mg/mL solution – potent acaricide, used when resistance to ivermectin is suspected.
Phenoxy‑2‑ethanol 5 % solution – antiseptic with mild acaricidal properties, often combined with a corticosteroid for inflammation control.
Tri‑cillin (oxytetracycline) ear drops – antibacterial agent employed when secondary bacterial otitis accompanies mite infection.

Administration protocol typically involves cleaning the external ear with a gentle, non‑irritating solution, then instilling 0.5–1 mL of the selected drop into each affected ear. Dosing frequency ranges from once daily to twice daily for 7–14 days, depending on the drug’s pharmacokinetics and severity of infestation. Precise interval and duration should follow the veterinarian’s prescription.

Safety considerations include monitoring for ototoxicity, especially with agents containing phenoxy‑2‑ethanol or excessive corticosteroid concentrations. Contraindications encompass ruptured tympanic membranes and known hypersensitivity to the active ingredient. Adverse reactions may manifest as erythema, pruritus, or transient hearing impairment; any escalation warrants immediate veterinary evaluation. Regular re‑examination confirms eradication and guides the need for adjunctive treatments.

Injections

Injectable agents provide rapid systemic control of ear‑mite infestations in lagomorphs, delivering medication directly into the circulatory system and bypassing the limited absorption of topical preparations.

Commonly employed injectable antiparasitics include:

«Ivermectin» – subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg/kg body weight; repeat dose after 7 days for persistent infections.
«Moxidectin» – subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg/kg; single dose often sufficient, with optional repeat at 14 days for severe cases.
«Doramectin» – subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg/kg; administer two doses spaced 7 days apart when resistance to other macrocyclic lactones is suspected.

Dosage calculations must consider the rabbit’s exact weight; overdosing risks neurotoxicity, while underdosing permits mite survival. Administration technique should ensure sterile conditions, using a 1‑ml syringe with a 25‑gauge needle, inserting the needle into the dorsal lumbar region to avoid muscular damage.

Monitoring after injection includes observation for signs of lethargy, tremors, or loss of appetite. Resolution of clinical signs typically occurs within 3–5 days, with complete eradication confirmed by otoscopic examination and mite count at a follow‑up visit.

Potential Side Effects and Precautions

Observing for Adverse Reactions

When anti‑parasitic agents are administered to rabbits for ear mite infestations, systematic observation for any harmful response is required. Early detection of unwanted effects prevents complications and ensures therapeutic success.

Typical signs that may indicate a negative response include:

Redness, swelling, or ulceration of the ear canal skin
Excessive scratching or head shaking beyond normal relief behavior
Diarrhea, vomiting, or loss of appetite
Lethargy, tremors, or abnormal gait
Unexplained fever or rapid breathing

Veterinary guidance advises checking the treated ear twice daily for the first 48 hours, then once daily for the following week. Any emergence of the listed symptoms, or any other unexpected change in behavior or physiology, should prompt immediate contact with a qualified professional. Documentation of the drug name, dosage, administration route, and timing of observed reactions facilitates accurate assessment and appropriate intervention.

Contraindications and Drug Interactions

Ear‑mite therapy in rabbits relies mainly on macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, selamectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin) and topical agents (amitraz, pyrethrins, lime‑sulfur preparations). Each class carries specific contraindications and interaction risks that must be evaluated before administration.

Contraindications

Ivermectin and related lactones are unsafe in newborn kits, pregnant does, and rabbits with known hepatic insufficiency. Certain breeds predisposed to drug‑sensitivity—Rex, Angora, and other wool‑producing lines—should not receive these agents.
Selamectin is contraindicated in animals receiving concurrent glucocorticoid therapy, as immunosuppression may exacerbate neurotoxic effects.
Milbemycin oxime should be avoided in rabbits with a history of seizures or in those treated with phenobarbital, because additive CNS depression can occur.
Moxidectin is not recommended for rabbits with severe cardiac disease; the drug may provoke arrhythmias.
Topical amitraz is contraindicated in animals with open ear canals, dermatitis, or ulcerated skin, due to risk of systemic absorption and severe hypertension.
Pyrethrin‑based sprays should not be used on rabbits with known hypersensitivity to pyrethroids; contact dermatitis can develop rapidly.
Lime‑sulfur dips are unsuitable for rabbits with severe anemia or compromised respiratory function, as inhalation of sulfur vapors may cause bronchospasm.

Drug Interactions

Co‑administration of macrocyclic lactones with other P‑glycoprotein inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, erythromycin) can raise plasma concentrations, increasing neurotoxicity risk.
Phenobarbital induces hepatic enzymes that accelerate metabolism of milbemycin oxime, potentially reducing therapeutic efficacy.
Anticholinergic drugs (e.g., atropine) may potentiate the ototoxic effects of topical amitraz, leading to vestibular dysfunction.
Concurrent use of non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with lime‑sulfur preparations can aggravate gastric ulceration, especially in stressed or dehydrated rabbits.
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics may interfere with the binding of selamectin to parasite GABA receptors, diminishing antiparasitic activity.
Vitamin A supplements can enhance the toxicity of ivermectin by altering blood‑brain barrier permeability.

When selecting a treatment regimen, assess each rabbit’s age, reproductive status, breed, organ function, and current medication profile to avoid contraindicated scenarios and harmful interactions. Monitoring for adverse signs—tremors, ataxia, respiratory distress, or skin irritation—should begin immediately after administration.

Post-Treatment Care and Prevention

Monitoring for Re-infestation

Regular Ear Checks

Regular ear examinations are essential for early detection of otic parasites in rabbits. Visual inspection of the external ear canal should be performed at least once a month for breeding or housed animals, and weekly for individuals with a history of mite infestation.

During each check, the following observations are required:

Presence of dark, crusty debris or brownish wax that adheres to the ear walls.
Redness, swelling, or ulceration of the ear canal lining.
Excessive scratching, head shaking, or ear rubbing indicating discomfort.
Observable mites or larvae using a magnifying lens or otoscope.

If any of these signs are identified, a veterinarian may prescribe antiparasitic agents such as selamectin, ivermectin, or milbemycin oxime, selected according to the rabbit’s health status and drug availability. Prompt treatment, combined with thorough cleaning of the ear canal, reduces the risk of secondary infections and promotes rapid recovery.

Consistent monitoring also allows verification of therapeutic efficacy; a follow‑up examination 7–10 days after medication initiation should confirm the absence of debris and parasites. Continuous documentation of ear health supports optimal drug choice and dosage adjustments when necessary.

Follow-Up Veterinary Visits

Follow‑up veterinary appointments are essential after initiating therapy for otodectic mange in rabbits. They allow the clinician to verify that the chosen antiparasitic agent has eliminated the mites, to detect adverse reactions, and to ensure that the infection does not recur.

The typical re‑evaluation schedule includes:

First check‑up 7–10 days after the initial dose.
Second assessment 3–4 weeks later to confirm complete resolution.
Additional visits every 4–6 weeks if clinical signs persist or if a secondary bacterial infection was present.

During each visit the practitioner examines the external ear canal for residual debris, erythema, or discharge. Otoscopic inspection determines whether the tympanic membrane remains intact and whether inflammation has subsided. General health parameters—body condition score, appetite, and activity level—are recorded to identify systemic effects of the medication.

If mites are still detected, the treatment plan may be modified. Options include switching to an alternative drug such as «selamectin», adjusting the dosage, or extending the treatment duration. Concurrent bacterial infections warrant the addition of an appropriate antibiotic regimen.

Accurate documentation of findings, treatment adjustments, and owner instructions supports consistent care. Owners receive guidance on cleaning the environment, preventing reinfestation, and recognizing early signs of relapse, reinforcing the importance of scheduled follow‑up visits.

Environmental Management

Cleaning and Disinfecting Housing

Effective control of ear‑mite infestations in rabbits requires rigorous sanitation of their environment. Proper cleaning eliminates residual debris that can harbor mites and reduces the risk of re‑infection after pharmacological treatment.

Remove all bedding, nesting material, and toys. Dispose of contaminated items or launder them at 60 °C.
Wash cages, hutch frames, and accessories with hot, soapy water. Rinse thoroughly to prevent soap residue.
Apply an approved disinfectant—such as a 1 % povidone‑iodine solution or a quaternary ammonium compound—according to manufacturer instructions. Ensure contact time of at least 10 minutes before rinsing.
Dry all surfaces completely before re‑adding clean bedding. Use absorbent, low‑dust substrate to maintain a healthy atmosphere.

Regular sanitation schedules—weekly deep cleaning and daily spot‑cleaning—support the efficacy of antiparasitic medications and promote overall rabbit health.

Quarantine of New Rabbits

Quarantine of newly acquired rabbits prevents introduction of ear‑mite infestations to established colonies. Isolation for at least two weeks allows observation of clinical signs and completion of diagnostic testing before contact with resident animals.

During quarantine, monitor each rabbit daily for head shaking, ear scratching, crusty discharge, or alopecia around the ears. Record findings in a log to identify early cases and guide treatment decisions.

Effective medications for ear‑mite control include:

«selamectin» (topical solution applied to the skin, systemic absorption reaches the ear canal);
«moxidectin» (oral or injectable formulation, broad‑spectrum ectoparasiticide);
«ivermectin» (oral or injectable, dosage adjusted for rabbit metabolism);
«propoxyphene‑based ear drops» specifically formulated for lagovirus mites.

Administer the chosen drug according to veterinary guidelines, repeat the dose if required by the product’s label, and continue treatment throughout the quarantine period. After the isolation interval, perform a final otoscopic examination to confirm eradication before integrating the rabbit into the main group.

Long-Term Prevention Strategies

Regular Grooming

Regular grooming is a fundamental component of managing ear‑mite infestations in rabbits. Frequent inspection of the ear canals allows early detection of erythema, debris, or crusting that often precede clinical signs. Prompt identification enables timely administration of antiparasitic medication, reducing the severity of the infection.

Cleaning the external ear with a veterinarian‑approved solution removes excess wax and detritus, improving drug absorption. The procedure should be performed once or twice weekly, depending on the severity of the infestation and the rabbit’s coat condition.

Key grooming practices include:

Visual examination of both ears for redness, swelling, or discharge.
Gentle removal of visible debris using a soft cotton ball moistened with the prescribed cleanser.
Trimming of long hair around the ear base to prevent obstruction of airflow and facilitate medication entry.
Monitoring for behavioral changes such as head shaking or scratching, which may indicate recurrence.

Consistent grooming supports the efficacy of pharmacological treatments such as ivermectin, selamectin, or milbemycin oxime, ensuring that the active compounds reach the targeted site. Neglecting regular ear care can compromise drug performance and prolong recovery.

Avoiding Contact with Infested Animals

Avoiding interaction with animals known to carry ear mite infestations reduces the risk of transmission to susceptible rabbits and limits the necessity for repeated pharmacological interventions. Direct exposure allows parasites to spread through contaminated fur, bedding, or shared equipment, creating additional treatment cycles and increasing the potential for secondary infections.

Practical measures to prevent contact with infested animals include:

Isolating newly acquired rabbits for a minimum of two weeks while monitoring for signs of «ear mites».
Implementing strict sanitation protocols: cleaning cages, toys, and feeding utensils with veterinary‑approved disinfectants after each use.
Using dedicated clothing and gloves when handling animals that have shown symptoms, then laundering or disposing of protective gear immediately.
Restricting access to common areas for animals displaying excessive scratching, head shaking, or crusty ear discharge.
Conducting regular health examinations of all herd members to identify early infestations before they spread.

Consistent application of these preventative steps diminishes parasite load in the environment, thereby supporting the effectiveness of antiparasitic medications and promoting overall colony health.