Where can lice inhabit? - briefly
Lice are obligate ectoparasites that live on the skin, hair, or feathers of warm‑blooded animals—humans, other mammals, and birds—and may also be present in the hosts’ nests or clothing.
Where can lice inhabit? - in detail
Lice are obligate ectoparasites that survive only on living hosts or in immediate contact with them. Their distribution is limited to environments that provide temperature, humidity, and access to blood meals.
Human head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) reside on the scalp, attaching their eggs to hair shafts near the crown. They prefer the warm, moist region behind the ears and at the nape, where they can feed several times a day without being dislodged.
Body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus) occupy clothing seams and undergarments rather than the skin itself. They lay eggs in fabric fibers; adults move to the body only to feed. Crowded living conditions, infrequent laundering, and inadequate hygiene facilitate their proliferation.
Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis) colonize coarse hair in the genital area, as well as axillary and facial hair. They require close physical contact for transfer and thrive in regions where hair density provides shelter.
Animal lice affect a wide range of mammals and birds. Examples include:
- Cattle lice (Bovicola bovis) on the hide and wool, favoring damp, shaded patches.
- Sheep lice (Linognathus ovillus) within fleece, especially where moisture accumulates.
- Poultry lice (Menacanthus stramineus) on feather follicles and skin, thriving in densely stocked coops.
- Dog and cat lice (Trichodectes canis, Felicola subrostratus) on the coat, especially in areas with poor grooming.
In addition to direct host association, lice can persist temporarily on inanimate objects that retain host material. Bedding, hats, combs, and upholstered furniture may harbor eggs or nymphs for short periods, allowing re‑infestation when a suitable host contacts the item.
Key environmental factors supporting lice survival:
- Temperature between 28 °C and 32 °C (82 °F–90 °F) for optimal development.
- Relative humidity above 50 % to prevent desiccation.
- Continuous access to blood meals; interruption beyond 24 hours leads to mortality.
Understanding these specific habitats enables targeted control measures, such as regular laundering of clothing, thorough combing of hair, and environmental sanitation in animal husbandry settings.