What is dangerous about poison from bedbugs? - briefly
The saliva injected during a bite contains anticoagulant proteins that can provoke intense skin irritation, allergic responses, and, in rare cases, anaphylaxis. These reactions, together with the possibility of secondary bacterial infection from scratching, represent the principal health risks posed by bed‑bug exposure.
What is dangerous about poison from bedbugs? - in detail
Bedbug saliva contains a complex mixture of proteins that act as anticoagulants, anesthetics, and immunomodulators. When a bug pierces the skin, these substances are injected directly into the blood stream, provoking a cascade of physiological responses.
The primary health threats are:
- Allergic reactions – IgE‑mediated hypersensitivity can produce severe itching, swelling, and in rare cases, systemic anaphylaxis requiring emergency treatment.
- Dermatological damage – Repeated bites lead to excoriations, secondary bacterial infections such as cellulitis or impetigo, and possible scar formation.
- Immune system stress – Continuous exposure to the saliva’s immunosuppressive agents may alter cytokine profiles, weakening local defenses and prolonging wound healing.
- Psychological impact – Persistent infestations generate chronic stress, insomnia, and anxiety, which can exacerbate existing medical conditions.
Chemically, the saliva’s anticoagulant proteins (e.g., apyrase, nitrophorin) prevent clot formation, allowing prolonged blood flow. Anesthetic peptides diminish pain perception, delaying the host’s awareness of the bite and increasing the likelihood of multiple feedings. Histamine‑releasing factors trigger vasodilation and edema, creating the characteristic welts.
Although bedbugs are not proven vectors of infectious diseases, their fecal deposits contain microbial flora that may contaminate skin lesions, raising the risk of opportunistic infections. Moreover, the insects’ habit of hiding in cracks and upholstery facilitates prolonged contact with humans, amplifying exposure to these toxic secretions.
Effective mitigation requires eliminating the infestation, cleaning contaminated fabrics at temperatures above 60 °C, and applying approved insecticides. Medical management of bites involves antihistamines, corticosteroid creams, and antibiotics when secondary infection is confirmed. In cases of severe allergic response, epinephrine administration is indicated.