What do lice attach to? - briefly
Lice cling to the hair shafts of their host, using specialized claws to grasp each strand. They remain close to the scalp where they feed on blood from the skin’s surface.
What do lice attach to? - in detail
Lice remain anchored to their host by a combination of mechanical and biological adaptations. The foremost method involves the tarsal claws, which are curved and paired on each leg. These claws interlock with the cylindrical shape of hair shafts, creating a firm grip that resists movement. In species that infest dense body hair, such as pubic lice, the claws are shorter and more robust, matching the finer diameter of the fibers.
A secondary attachment strategy employs ventral spines and hooks located on the abdomen and thorax. These structures press against the host’s skin or hair, providing additional stability during feeding and locomotion. The arrangement of spines varies among species, reflecting the typical substrate: head lice possess a denser array suited for scalp hair, while body lice display fewer, broader spines adapted for fabric fibers.
Eggs (nits) are secured through a cement-like secretion produced by the female’s accessory glands. This adhesive polymer hardens within seconds, forming an irreversible bond to the hair cuticle or, in the case of body lice, to the weave of clothing. The cement resists mechanical removal and protects the developing embryo from environmental disturbances.
Key attachment points differ by lice type:
- Head‑infesting lice: scalp hair near the crown, behind the ears, and at the nape.
- Body‑infesting lice: seams and folds of clothing, particularly undergarments and socks.
- Pubic lice: coarse hair of the genital region, perianal area, and occasionally chest or facial hair.
- Bird lice: feathers and down, where claw morphology matches feather barbules.
The attachment process initiates immediately after a newly emerged adult lands on a suitable substrate. The insect uses its forelegs to test surface texture, then positions its hind legs to lock the claws onto the fiber. Simultaneously, sensory receptors detect temperature and carbon‑dioxide cues, confirming the presence of a viable host before feeding begins.
Overall, lice rely on specialized claw geometry, ventral spination, and a rapid‑acting adhesive to maintain attachment across a variety of host habitats. These mechanisms enable effective parasitism, ensuring access to blood meals and safe oviposition sites.