What are lice and how to treat them? - briefly
Lice are tiny, wingless parasites that inhabit human hair and consume blood, leading to itching and potential secondary infection. Effective treatment involves applying a licensed pediculicide to the scalp, repeatedly combing wet hair with a fine-toothed nit comb, and laundering clothing, bedding, and personal items at temperatures of at least 60 °C.
What are lice and how to treat them? - in detail
Lice are small, wingless insects that live on the scalp, body, or clothing of humans. Three species commonly affect people: head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis), body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis), and pubic lice (Pthirus pubis). Adult head lice measure about 2–3 mm, feed on blood several times a day, and lay eggs (nits) that adhere to hair shafts. The life cycle—egg, nymph, adult—spans roughly 7–10 days under optimal temperature and humidity.
Infestation manifests as itching, irritation, and visible nits attached close to the scalp. Diagnosis relies on visual inspection using a fine-toothed comb or magnification to locate live lice and viable eggs. Absence of secondary infection indicates early-stage infestation.
Effective eradication combines physical removal and chemical agents. Recommended actions include:
- Manual extraction: Apply a conditioner, then comb through damp hair with a lice comb, removing each lice and nit; repeat every 2–3 days for two weeks.
- Over‑the‑counter pediculicides: Use products containing 1% permethrin or 0.5% pyrethrin; follow label instructions, leave on scalp for the specified duration, then rinse.
- Prescription treatments: For resistant cases, apply 0.5% malathion or 0.05% ivermectin lotion; a second application after 7–10 days eliminates newly hatched nits.
- Environmental control: Wash bedding, clothing, and hats in hot water (≥ 60 °C) and dry on high heat; seal non‑washable items in a sealed bag for two weeks.
Prevention focuses on minimizing head-to-head contact and maintaining hygiene. Key measures are:
- Avoid sharing combs, hats, or headphones.
- Keep long hair tied back during group activities.
- Conduct regular scalp checks in schools or childcare settings.
Adhering to these protocols removes existing insects, prevents re‑infestation, and reduces spread within communities.