How dangerous is the dust mite and how can it be treated? - briefly
Dust mites provoke allergic reactions and can exacerbate asthma, representing a significant health concern for susceptible people. Control measures include frequent laundering of bedding in hot water, using allergen‑proof mattress and pillow covers, and maintaining indoor humidity below 50 %.
How dangerous is the dust mite and how can it be treated? - in detail
Dust mites are microscopic arthropods that thrive in household fabrics, carpets, and upholstered furniture. Their fecal particles and body fragments contain potent proteins that trigger immune responses in susceptible individuals. Exposure leads to allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and can exacerbate asthma, especially in children and adults with a personal or family history of atopy. The prevalence of sensitization varies by region, climate, and housing conditions, with higher rates observed in humid environments where relative humidity exceeds 50 %.
Allergenic proteins, primarily Der p 1, Der p 2, Der f 1, and Der f 2, bind to IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils, causing the release of histamine and other mediators. This cascade produces nasal congestion, sneezing, itching, wheezing, and skin inflammation. Repeated exposure may lead to chronic airway hyper‑responsiveness and reduced lung function. In severe cases, uncontrolled asthma attacks can be life‑threatening.
Effective management combines environmental control with pharmacologic therapy.
- Reduce indoor humidity to 30–50 % using dehumidifiers or air‑conditioning.
- Wash bedding, curtains, and removable covers in water ≥ 60 °C weekly.
- Replace carpets with hard flooring where feasible; if removal is impossible, vacuum with a HEPA‑rated filter daily.
- Encase mattresses, pillows, and box springs in allergen‑impermeable covers.
- Remove clutter and regularly clean upholstered furniture with a steam cleaner.
- Limit indoor plants and pet dander, which can increase humidity and dust accumulation.
Pharmacologic interventions aim to alleviate symptoms and prevent exacerbations.
- Oral antihistamines (second‑generation) reduce itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea.
- Intranasal corticosteroids control nasal inflammation and improve airflow.
- Leukotriene receptor antagonists address bronchial constriction in asthma.
- Topical corticosteroids manage eczema flare‑ups.
- Allergen‑specific immunotherapy (subcutaneous or sublingual) gradually desensitizes the immune system, offering long‑term reduction in symptom severity.
When medical treatment fails to achieve control, consultation with an allergist is warranted to assess the need for advanced therapies such as biologic agents targeting IgE or interleukin pathways. Regular monitoring of symptom scores and pulmonary function tests ensures therapeutic adjustments are data‑driven.