How dangerous are lice? - briefly
Head lice primarily cause itching and can lead to secondary bacterial skin infections from scratching, but they do not transmit serious systemic diseases. Prompt treatment removes the infestation and prevents discomfort.
How dangerous are lice? - in detail
Lice infestations pose health risks primarily through skin irritation, secondary bacterial infections, and disease transmission.
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Dermatological impact: Bites cause itching, redness, and swelling. Repeated scratching can break the skin, allowing bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes to enter and produce cellulitis or impetigo.
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Pathogen vector potential: Body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) are known carriers of Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus), Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever), and Bartonella quintana (trench fever). Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) rarely transmit serious illnesses but may facilitate the spread of viral infections like hepatitis B in crowded settings.
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Allergic reactions: Saliva and fecal matter can trigger hypersensitivity, leading to hives, eczema flare‑ups, or asthma exacerbations in susceptible individuals.
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Psychosocial consequences: Visible infestation often results in stigma, anxiety, and reduced quality of life, especially among children in schools.
Effective control requires prompt detection, thorough mechanical removal, and, when necessary, approved insecticidal treatments. Regular laundering of clothing and bedding eliminates eggs and nymphs, while personal hygiene reduces the likelihood of re‑infestation. Monitoring at community level—particularly in shelters, prisons, and daycare facilities—helps prevent outbreaks of louse‑borne diseases.