How are ticks examined? - briefly
Ticks are removed from the host, then identified and screened using microscopy, serology, or molecular techniques such as PCR. The findings determine the presence of pathogens and inform treatment or control actions.
How are ticks examined? - in detail
Ticks are inspected through a sequence of steps that combine field collection, visual assessment, and laboratory analysis.
First, specimens are gathered from hosts or the environment using fine‑toothed forceps or specialized tick drag cloths. Collected ticks are placed in labeled vials containing 70 % ethanol for preservation, or kept alive in a humid chamber if live‑stage observation is required.
Second, each tick undergoes macroscopic examination. Morphological keys focus on size, coloration, scutum pattern, festoon arrangement, and the shape of the capitulum. These characters differentiate species, developmental stage (larva, nymph, adult), and sex. Microscopic inspection with a stereomicroscope resolves finer structures such as spiracular plates and genital aperture, confirming identification.
Third, laboratory diagnostics evaluate pathogen presence. Common methods include:
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): amplifies DNA of bacteria, viruses, or protozoa; primers target species‑specific genes.
- Real‑time quantitative PCR (qPCR): quantifies pathogen load, allowing assessment of infection intensity.
- Reverse transcription PCR (RT‑PCR): detects RNA viruses after conversion to cDNA.
- Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): identifies antibodies or antigens in tick homogenates.
- Culture: isolates viable microorganisms on selective media; used for bacteria such as Borrelia or Rickettsia.
- Next‑generation sequencing (NGS): provides comprehensive metagenomic profiles of microbial communities within the tick.
Fourth, results are recorded in a database linking specimen metadata (collection site, host, date) with identification and pathogen findings. This information supports epidemiological mapping and risk assessment.
Safety measures throughout the process include wearing gloves, using disinfectants on work surfaces, and disposing of contaminated materials according to biosafety guidelines.