Allergy: how do bedbug bites affect a person? - briefly
Bedbug bites usually produce localized skin reactions—redness, swelling, and itching—that can trigger allergic responses in susceptible individuals. Severe cases may lead to secondary infections or systemic symptoms such as hives and respiratory distress.
Allergy: how do bedbug bites affect a person? - in detail
Bedbug (Cimex lectularius) saliva contains proteins that can trigger immune responses ranging from mild irritation to pronounced allergic reactions. Immediate manifestations typically appear within minutes to a few hours after the bite and include:
- Red, raised papules or wheals
- Intense pruritus
- Localized swelling or edema
- Secondary excoriation from scratching
In sensitized individuals, the reaction may progress to a delayed hypersensitivity type IV response, characterized by larger, confluent plaques that persist for several days. Systemic symptoms are uncommon but can occur, such as:
- Generalized urticaria
- Angio‑edema of the lips, eyelids, or genitalia
- Rarely, anaphylaxis presenting with hypotension, bronchospasm, and respiratory distress
Laboratory evaluation may reveal elevated eosinophil counts and specific IgE antibodies directed against bedbug salivary antigens. Skin prick testing with standardized extracts can confirm sensitization.
Management strategies focus on symptom relief and prevention of secondary infection:
- Topical corticosteroids (e.g., 1 % hydrocortisone) to reduce inflammation and itching.
- Oral antihistamines (second‑generation agents preferred) for pruritus control.
- Short courses of systemic corticosteroids for severe, widespread reactions.
- Antibiotic therapy only when bacterial superinfection is evident.
Long‑term control requires eradication of the infestation. Effective measures include:
- Professional heat‑treatment or steam‑cleaning of infested furniture and bedding.
- Encasement of mattresses and box springs with certified bedbug‑proof covers.
- Regular vacuuming and disposal of vacuum contents in sealed bags.
- Monitoring with passive traps placed under bed legs.
Patients with a documented allergy should carry an epinephrine auto‑injector if prior episodes of anaphylaxis have occurred, and they should be educated on early recognition of systemic signs. Continuous follow‑up with an allergist can assess the need for immunotherapy, although standardized protocols for bedbug allergy remain under investigation.