What is the phenomenon called when monkeys catch fleas from each other? - briefly
The process is called ectoparasite transmission, specifically flea transfer between hosts. It occurs when fleas move from one monkey to another during close physical contact.
What is the phenomenon called when monkeys catch fleas from each other? - in detail
The behavior in which primates remove ectoparasites such as fleas from each other is known as «allogrooming». This is a form of social grooming that involves direct physical contact, where one individual uses its hands or mouth to clean the fur of a conspecific.
Allogrooming serves several functions. First, it reduces parasite load, decreasing the risk of disease transmission and improving overall health. Second, it reinforces social bonds, establishing hierarchies and alliances within the group. Third, it facilitates the exchange of chemical cues that convey information about reproductive status, stress levels, or genetic relatedness.
Mechanisms of parasite transfer during allogrooming include:
- Physical removal of fleas from the donor’s fur, followed by ingestion or disposal by the groomer.
- Redistribution of fleas to the groomer’s own coat when the host’s mouth or hands act as vectors.
- Indirect transmission via saliva or skin secretions that may contain parasite eggs or larvae.
Ecological implications are significant. Studies have shown that groups with high rates of allogrooming exhibit lower overall ectoparasite prevalence, which can influence population dynamics and predator–prey relationships. Conversely, in environments where flea density is extreme, allogrooming may become a conduit for rapid parasite spread, especially among closely knit troops.
Research on various monkey species—such as Macaca mulatta, Cebus apella, and Saimiri sciureus—demonstrates that allogrooming frequency correlates with group size, kinship, and seasonal changes in flea abundance. Experimental observations reveal that individuals preferentially groom kin or high-ranking partners, thereby concentrating parasite removal efforts where social benefits are greatest.
In summary, the exchange of fleas during mutual grooming is classified as «allogrooming», a complex social behavior that balances parasite control with the maintenance of group cohesion.