What are duck fleas? - briefly
Duck fleas are tiny, wingless ectoparasites of waterfowl that feed on blood and skin debris, belonging to the family Ceratophyllidae. They spend most of their life cycle on the host’s feathers, moving rapidly to avoid removal.
What are duck fleas? - in detail
Duck fleas are small, wingless insects that parasitize waterfowl. They belong to the order Siphonaptera, family Ceratophyllidae, and the species most commonly associated with ducks is Anatoecus dentatus.
These parasites measure 2–3 mm in length, have a laterally compressed body, and possess powerful hind legs that enable them to grasp feathers. Their mouthparts are adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood. The exoskeleton is dark brown to black, providing camouflage among the host’s plumage.
The life cycle comprises four stages. Adult females deposit eggs in the nest lining or surrounding debris. Eggs hatch into larvae that feed on organic matter, including adult flea feces and detritus. After several molts, larvae spin silken cocoons in which they pupate. Emerging adults seek a host, attach to the bird’s skin, and begin hematophagy. The entire cycle can be completed in 2–3 weeks under favorable temperature and humidity conditions.
Primary hosts are ducks, geese, and swans; occasional infestations occur on other bird species. The fleas thrive in temperate climates where breeding colonies provide abundant nesting material and moisture.
Infestations cause irritation, feather damage, and measurable blood loss, especially in young or immunocompromised birds. Duck fleas can also act as vectors for avian blood parasites such as Haemoproteus spp., contributing to secondary infections.
Control strategies focus on habitat management and chemical treatment. Effective measures include:
- Removing and disinfecting old nest material after each breeding season.
- Applying approved insecticides to nesting sites and surrounding areas.
- Maintaining dry, well‑ventilated environments to disrupt egg and larval development.
Understanding the biology, ecology, and management of these ectoparasites is essential for preserving the health of wild and domestic waterfowl populations.