How does the reproduction of bedbugs occur? - briefly
Bedbugs reproduce via internal fertilization; each female deposits 1–5 eggs per day on crevices near a host for several weeks. The eggs hatch in 6–10 days, and the nymphs undergo five molts before becoming reproductive adults.
How does the reproduction of bedbugs occur? - in detail
Bedbugs reproduce through a process called traumatic insemination. The male pierces the female’s abdominal wall with his intromittent organ, delivering sperm directly into her hemocoel. Sperm travel through the hemolymph and are collected by specialized storage organs called spermalege, which reduce damage to the female’s tissues. Once stored, sperm are gradually released to fertilize eggs as they pass through the ovarioles.
Females lay 1–5 eggs per day, depositing them in crevices near host resting sites. An egg measures about 1 mm and hatches within 6–10 days under optimal temperature (25–30 °C) and humidity (≥70 %). The newly emerged first instar, or “nymph,” must feed on blood before each molt. Bedbugs undergo five nymphal stages, each requiring a blood meal and a molting period of 3–10 days, depending on environmental conditions. The complete development from egg to adult can take as little as 4 weeks in warm, humid environments, but may extend to several months when conditions are cooler or drier.
Reproductive output is influenced by several factors:
- Temperature: Higher temperatures accelerate development and increase the number of generations per year.
- Humidity: Sufficient moisture is necessary for egg viability and successful molting.
- Host availability: Frequent blood meals enable faster growth and higher fecundity.
- Population density: Crowding can trigger a temporary reduction in reproductive activity, known as reproductive diapause.
Mated females can store sperm for months, allowing continued egg production without further mating. Unmated females are capable of producing a limited number of unfertilized eggs, which do not develop. The combination of traumatic insemination, high fecundity, and rapid development makes the species highly adaptable to human habitats.