How does piroplasmiosis manifest after a tick bite? - briefly
Clinical signs include fever, anemia, hemoglobinuria, lethargy, and reduced appetite. Laboratory tests reveal intra‑erythrocytic parasites and elevated bilirubin levels.
How does piroplasmiosis manifest after a tick bite? - in detail
Piroplasmiosis acquired through a tick bite typically presents after an incubation period of 1–4 weeks, depending on the species involved and host immunity. The earliest clinical sign is a sudden onset of fever, often accompanied by chills and sweats. Fever may be intermittent, displaying a characteristic “paroxysmal” pattern in many cases.
Concomitant hemolytic anemia develops as parasites invade erythrocytes. Laboratory findings include:
- Reduced hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.
- Elevated lactate dehydrogenase and indirect bilirubin.
- Decreased haptoglobin.
- Presence of intra‑erythrocytic organisms on thin blood smears.
Thrombocytopenia frequently accompanies anemia, leading to easy bruising or spontaneous bleeding. Splenomegaly is common, detectable on physical examination or imaging. Jaundice may become evident as hemolysis progresses.
Severe manifestations arise in immunocompromised or asplenic individuals. Complications can include:
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
- Acute kidney injury secondary to hemoglobinuria.
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation.
- Multi‑organ failure in fulminant cases.
Neurological symptoms such as headache, confusion, or seizures may occur, reflecting cerebral involvement. Gastrointestinal disturbances—nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain—often accompany systemic inflammation.
Diagnosis relies on microscopic identification of piroplasmic forms in stained blood smears, polymerase chain reaction amplification of parasite DNA, and serologic testing for specific antibodies. Prompt treatment with antiprotozoal agents (e.g., atovaquone plus azithromycin, or clindamycin plus quinine) mitigates disease severity and reduces mortality. Continuous monitoring of hematologic parameters and organ function is essential throughout therapy.