How are lice harmful? - briefly
Lice bite the scalp, provoking itching and skin irritation that frequently become infected by bacteria. Heavy infestations may cause measurable blood loss, leading to anemia especially in young children.
How are lice harmful? - in detail
Lice infestations produce immediate physical discomfort. Feeding on blood irritates the scalp, causing intense itching and inflammation. Repeated scratching creates micro‑abrasions that serve as entry points for pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, leading to impetigo or cellulitis.
The insects act as vectors for infectious agents. Pediculic transmission of Borrelia spp. and Rickettsia spp. has been documented, while viral particles can be carried on the exoskeleton and transferred during close contact.
Secondary consequences extend beyond health. Visible nits and adult lice generate social stigma, prompting exclusion from educational settings and reduced participation in group activities. Absenteeism rates rise, especially among school‑aged children, affecting academic progress.
Economic repercussions emerge from required interventions. Costs include over‑the‑counter treatments, prescription medications, professional de‑louse services, and repeated follow‑up examinations. Healthcare systems allocate resources for public‑health campaigns aimed at prevention and control.
Key detrimental effects
- Persistent pruritus and scalp inflammation
- Skin lesions susceptible to bacterial infection
- Transmission of bacterial and viral pathogens
- Social exclusion and psychological distress
- Increased absenteeism from school or work
- Direct and indirect financial expenditures
Addressing infestations promptly reduces health risks, limits spread, and mitigates broader societal impacts.